{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T08:53:45Z","timestamp":1784883225192,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalimaging.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T21:02:39Z","timestamp":1558040559000},"page":"56-68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Magnetic resonance imaging in myelopathy: a pictorial review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2796-8906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolae","family":"Sarbu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Lolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Smirniotopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2018.10.006","article-title":"MR imaging of the spine: urgent and emergent indications","volume":"39","author":"Lavi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound CT MRI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2016.05.010","article-title":"Toxic and metabolic myelopathies","volume":"37","author":"Ramalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound, CT MRI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.4.499","article-title":"Proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis","volume":"59","author":"Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working Group","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.04.005","article-title":"Acute transverse myelitis: a practical reappraisal","volume":"9","author":"S\u00e1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-017-0604-x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and clinical features in acute and subacute myelopathies","volume":"27","author":"Weidauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24563","article-title":"MRI in transverse myelitis","volume":"40","author":"Goh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-015-0401-3","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of acute myelopathies: an update","volume":"25","author":"Nichtwei\u00df","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0b013e3182ab3ab6","article-title":"Clinical application and diagnostic value of noninvasive spinal angiography in spinal vascular malformations","volume":"38","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2016.05.003","article-title":"Abnormal spinal cord magnetic resonance signal: approach to the differential diagnosis","volume":"37","author":"Morales","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound, CT MRI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0050","first-page":"1151","article-title":"Idiopathic transverse myelitis: MR characteristics","volume":"17","author":"Choi","year":"1996","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.10.1614","article-title":"Gadolinium-MRI in acute transverse myelopathy","volume":"40","author":"Sanders","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.152","article-title":"Clinical significance of intramedullary Gd-DTPA enhancement in cervical myelopathy","volume":"48","author":"Ozawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4962","article-title":"Comparison of time-resolved and first-pass contrast-enhanced MR angiography in pretherapeutic evaluation of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas","volume":"38","author":"Mathur","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24591","article-title":"MRI and MRA of spinal cord arteriovenous shunts","volume":"40","author":"Condette-Auliac","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3307-6","article-title":"The accuracy and utility of contrast-enhanced MR angiography for localization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: the Toronto experience","volume":"24","author":"Lindenholz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-018-0626-1","article-title":"Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques of the spine and spinal cord in children and adults","volume":"9","author":"Vargas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7100138","article-title":"Pattern recognition of the multiple sclerosis syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Zabad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70216-8","article-title":"The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica","volume":"6","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286418762083","article-title":"Defining distinct features of anti-MOG antibody associated central nervous system demyelination","volume":"11","author":"Weber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2016160031","article-title":"White matter diseases with radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"36","author":"Sarbu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2008.09.002","article-title":"Transverse myelitis affecting more than 4 spinal segments associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical, immunological, and radiological characteristics of 22 patients","volume":"39","author":"Espinosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2174\/1573397114666180411093655","article-title":"Future perspectives in the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric lupus by advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques","volume":"14","author":"Sarbu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2016.00033","article-title":"Automated detection of lupus white matter lesions in MRI","volume":"10","author":"Roura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neuroinform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.06.008","article-title":"Spinal cord infarction: clinical and radiological features","volume":"27","author":"Yadav","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4118","article-title":"Spinal cord ischemia: practical imaging tips, pearls, and pitfalls","volume":"36","author":"Vargas","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2016.05.008","article-title":"Vascular diseases of the spinal cord: infarction, hemorrhage, and venous congestive myelopathy","volume":"37","author":"Vuong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound, CT MRI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-006-0130-z","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) in spinal cord ischemia","volume":"48","author":"Thurnher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0150","first-page":"374","article-title":"Classification of spinal cord arteriovenous shunts: proposal for a reappraisal-the Bic\u00eatre experience with 155 consecutive patients treated between 1981 and 1999","volume":"51","author":"Rodesch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-010-9036-6","article-title":"Vascular malformations of the spine and spinal cord","volume":"20","author":"Krings","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-009-0204-6","article-title":"Endovascular management of spinal vascular malformations","volume":"33","author":"Krings","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.ra.2016-0316","article-title":"Spinal arteriovenous shunts: angioarchitecture and historical changes in classification","volume":"57","author":"Takai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2012.09.004","article-title":"Vascular diseases of the spinal cord","volume":"31","author":"Rubin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC.2009.26.1.E6","article-title":"Spinal cord vascular shunts: spinal cord vascular malformations and dural arteriovenous fistulas","volume":"26","author":"Da Costa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2012.04.011","article-title":"Imaging of dural arteriovenous fistula","volume":"50","author":"Morris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00843","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with isolated involving infratentorial structures","volume":"9","author":"Ou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073816671237","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with spinal cord involvement in children","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0195","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with spinal cord involvement but without hemisphere lesions: a case report","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0200","first-page":"22","article-title":"Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord in vitamin B12 and copper deficiency","volume":"2017","author":"Schimana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-001-1244-7","article-title":"Syphilitic myelitis with diffuse spinal cord abnormality on MR imaging","volume":"12","author":"Tsui","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/1971400918806634","article-title":"Imaging findings in spinal sarcoidosis: a report of 18 cases and review of the current literature","volume":"32","author":"Soni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53485-9.00021-0","article-title":"Other noninfectious inflammatory disorders","volume":"135","author":"Rovira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2015.01.005","article-title":"Viral infection of the spinal cord and roots","volume":"25","author":"Yokota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2018.06.001","article-title":"Infectious myelopathies","volume":"36","author":"Montalvo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2010.07.018","article-title":"Spine infection\/inflammation","volume":"49","author":"DeSanto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0235","first-page":"1576","article-title":"Radiation-induced myelitis: initial and follow-up MRI and clinical features in patients at a single tertiary care institution during 20 years","volume":"39","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-004-9177-z","article-title":"Intramedullary spinal cord metastases in breast cancer: report of four cases and review of the literature","volume":"71","author":"Kosmas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E15","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.5.FOCUS15149","article-title":"Intramedullary spinal cord metastases: an increasingly common diagnosis","volume":"39","author":"Payer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-004-0386-1","article-title":"Intramedullary spinal cord metastases: diagnosis and treatment - an illustrated review","volume":"146","author":"Kalayci","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015142384","article-title":"MR classification system based on axial images for cervical compressive myelopathy","volume":"276","author":"You","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.3.FOCUS1667","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of degenerative cervical myelopathy: a review of structural changes and measurement techniques","volume":"40","author":"Nouri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"}],"container-title":["Clinical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899707119300907?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899707119300907?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T11:39:59Z","timestamp":1760269199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0899707119300907"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0899707119300907"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-7071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-7071","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Magnetic resonance imaging in myelopathy: a pictorial review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Imaging","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinimag.2019.05.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}