{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T13:09:47Z","timestamp":1788786587249,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalimaging.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T03:15:53Z","timestamp":1695266153000},"page":"109985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Lymph node metastases in breast cancer: Mechanisms and molecular imaging"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Jieyi","family":"Ping","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuiying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2022.102339","article-title":"Global challenges and policy solutions in breast cancer control","volume":"104","author":"Trapani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-020-09460-5","article-title":"Studying lymphatic metastasis in breast cancer: current models, strategies, and clinical perspectives","volume":"25","author":"To B","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-020-01120-0","article-title":"Axillary surgery for breast cancer: past, present, and future","volume":"28","author":"Noguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2020.09.001","article-title":"Axillary surgery in breast cancer: an updated historical perspective","volume":"47","author":"Magnoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10383","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910383","article-title":"Web axillary pain syndrome-literature evidence and novel rehabilitative suggestions: a narrative review","volume":"18","author":"Agostini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-022-11623-z","article-title":"Longitudinal prospective evaluation of quality of life after axillary lymph node dissection","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012782","article-title":"A randomized comparison of sentinel-node biopsy with routine axillary dissection in breast cancer","volume":"349","author":"Umberto","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2013.852971","article-title":"A review of clinical aspects of breast cancer","volume":"26","author":"Libson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7703","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.08.001","article-title":"American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline recommendations for sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer","volume":"23","author":"Lyman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.01.008","article-title":"The lymph node microenvironment and its role in the progression of metastatic cancer","volume":"38","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-012-0205-0","article-title":"Tumor-derived VEGF-C, but not VEGF-D, promotes sentinel lymph node lymphangiogenesis prior to metastasis in breast cancer patients","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-03-0755","article-title":"VEGFR-3 and CD133 identify a population of CD34+ lymphatic\/vascular endothelial precursor cells","volume":"101","author":"S","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2009.00834.x","article-title":"Lymphangiogenesis and cancer metastasis","volume":"13","author":"Mumprecht","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3677","article-title":"Lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel remodelling in cancer","volume":"14","author":"Stacker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/84643","article-title":"Induction of tumor lymphangiogenesis by VEGF-C promotes breast cancer metastasis","volume":"7","author":"Skobe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041896","article-title":"VEGF-A induces tumor and sentinel lymph node lymphangiogenesis and promotes lymphatic metastasis","volume":"201","author":"Hirakawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071420","article-title":"Lymphatic metastasis in the absence of functional intratumor lymphatics","volume":"296","author":"Padera","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00521.x","article-title":"A novel vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-C, is a ligand for the Flt4 (VEGFR-3) and KDR (VEGFR-2) receptor tyrosine kinases","volume":"15","author":"Joukov","year":"1996","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4762","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.17.4762","article-title":"Isolated lymphatic endothelial cells transduce growth, survival and migratory signals via the VEGF-C\/D receptor VEGFR-3","volume":"20","author":"M\u00e4kinen","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.045","article-title":"Lymphangiogenesis: molecular mechanisms and future promise","volume":"140","author":"Tammela","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-5646com","article-title":"Functional interaction of VEGF-C and VEGF-D with neuropilin receptors","volume":"20","author":"Karpanen","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.05.112","article-title":"CPT1A regulates breast cancer-associated lymphangiogenesis via VEGF signaling","volume":"106","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9261","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-2345","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor-A promotes peritumoral lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis","volume":"65","author":"Bj\u00f6rndahl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-016-3018-2","article-title":"PGE2 promotes breast cancer-associated lymphangiogenesis by activation of EP4 receptor on lymphatic endothelial cells","volume":"17","author":"Nandi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-018-9734-0","article-title":"Roles of prostaglandins in tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis with special reference to breast cancer","volume":"37","author":"Lala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2012.90","article-title":"Targeting COX-2 and EP4 to control tumor growth, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and metastasis to the lungs and lymph nodes in a breast cancer model","volume":"92","author":"Xin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-022-00940-4","article-title":"Aiphanol, a multi-targeting stilbenolignan, potently suppresses mouse lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2867-13-98","article-title":"MT1-MMP in breast cancer: induction of VEGF-C correlates with metastasis and poor prognosis","volume":"13","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-006-9190-3","article-title":"Hypoxia inducible factor-1\u03b1 correlates with VEGF-C expression and lymphangiogenesis in breast cancer","volume":"99","author":"Schoppmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-013-9595-4","article-title":"Acidic pH via NF-\u03baB favours VEGF-C expression in human melanoma cells","volume":"30","author":"Peppicelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Metastasis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.7555\/JBR.27.20130021","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced factor-1 alpha upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor C to promote lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in breast cancer patients","volume":"27","author":"Ni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biomed Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2019.03.003","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase-like protein 2 promotes tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in breast cancer","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-125203","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate promotes lymphangiogenesis by stimulating S1P1\/Gi\/PLC\/Ca2+ signaling pathways","volume":"112","author":"Yoon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2016.5143","article-title":"Sulfatase 2 facilitates lymphangiogenesis in breast cancer by regulating VEGF-D","volume":"36","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.4149\/neo_2013_067","article-title":"Podoplanin expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts correlates with VEGF-C expression in cancer cells of invasive ductal breast carcinoma","volume":"60","author":"Pula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neoplasma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-1269","article-title":"Nitric oxide in breast cancer: induction of vascular endothelial growth factor-C and correlation with metastasis and poor prognosis","volume":"12","author":"Nakamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8868","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.062040199","article-title":"Blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 signaling inhibits fibroblast growth factor-2-induced lymphangiogenesis in mouse cornea","volume":"99","author":"Kubo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2004.08.034","article-title":"PDGF-BB induces intratumoral lymphangiogenesis and promotes lymphatic metastasis","volume":"6","author":"Cao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000118600.91698.BB","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of FGF-2\u2013, VEGF-A\u2013, and VEGF-C\u2013induced angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, vascular fenestrations, and permeability","volume":"94","author":"Cao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600763","article-title":"Hepatocyte growth factor promotes lymphatic vessel formation and function","volume":"24","author":"Kajiya","year":"2005","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4649","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-08-3382","article-title":"Angiopoietin-1 promotes LYVE-1-positive lymphatic vessel formation","volume":"105","author":"Morisada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-014-0438-2","article-title":"A novel role for ezrin in breast cancer angio\/lymphangiogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res BCR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4739","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-4576","article-title":"Vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor 3\u2013mediated activation of lymphatic endothelium is crucial for tumor cell entry and spread via lymphatic vessels","volume":"65","author":"He","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2009.11.003","article-title":"Lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in breast cancer","volume":"17","author":"Ran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8037","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-0728","article-title":"Real-time imaging of lymphogenic metastasis in orthotopic human breast cancer","volume":"66","author":"Dadiani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57111272","article-title":"The lymphatic system in breast cancer: anatomical and molecular approaches","volume":"57","author":"Natale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina (Mex)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI44751","article-title":"Lipoxygenase mediates invasion of intrametastatic lymphatic vessels and propagates lymph node metastasis of human mammary carcinoma xenografts in mouse","volume":"121","author":"Kerjaschki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0240","first-page":"410","article-title":"Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis","author":"A","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.1426","article-title":"Chemokines in tumor progression and metastasis","volume":"4","author":"Sarvaiya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI71606","article-title":"Mechanisms of lymphatic metastasis","volume":"124","author":"Karaman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1159\/000480526","article-title":"High expression of CCR7 predicts lymph node metastasis and good prognosis in triple negative breast cancer","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03873-z","article-title":"The pre-metastatic niche in lymph nodes: formation and characteristics","volume":"78","author":"Gillot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0265","first-page":"57","article-title":"Tumor-draining lymph secretome en route to the regional lymph node in breast cancer metastasis","volume":"12","author":"Mohammed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Dove Med Press"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32594","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling of breast cancer-associated lymphatic vessels reveals VCAM-1 as regulator of lymphatic invasion and permeability","volume":"145","author":"Dieterich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.060761","article-title":"Tumor-induced sentinel lymph node lymphangiogenesis and increased lymph flow precede melanoma metastasis","volume":"170","author":"Harrell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10365","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-2977","article-title":"Preparing the \u201csoil\u201d: the primary tumor induces vasculature reorganization in the sentinel lymph node before the arrival of metastatic cancer cells","volume":"66","author":"Qian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3492","article-title":"Tumor-induced stromal reprogramming drives lymph node transformation","volume":"17","author":"Riedel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104803","article-title":"The three Es of cancer immunoediting","volume":"22","author":"Dunn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31405","article-title":"Immune surveillance of tumors","volume":"117","author":"Swann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4441-3","article-title":"Mechanisms of immune evasion in breast cancer","volume":"18","author":"Bates","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S126424","article-title":"Mechanism of immune evasion in breast cancer","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0635-3","article-title":"Lymph node stromal cells: cartographers of the immune system","volume":"21","author":"Krishnamurty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2545","article-title":"The lymphatic vasculature in disease","volume":"17","author":"Alitalo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010001","article-title":"Lower metabolic potential and impaired metabolic flexibility in human lymph node stromal cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"12","author":"de Jong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201449","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells suppress antitumor immune responses through IDO expression and correlate with lymph node metastasis in patients with breast cancer","volume":"190","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.06.003","article-title":"The immune system and inflammation in breast cancer","volume":"382","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-014-9323-y","article-title":"Breast cancer stem cells and the immune system: promotion, evasion and therapy","volume":"19","author":"Boyle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0340","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tumor evasion from T cell surveillance","volume":"2011","author":"T\u00f6pfer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810013391401","article-title":"The sentinel node in breast cancer--a multicenter validation study","volume":"339","author":"Krag","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9673","article-title":"Meta-analysis of superficial versus deep injection of radioactive tracer and blue dye for lymphatic mapping and detection of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer","volume":"102","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e231","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2019-0427","article-title":"Lymph node imaging in patients with primary breast cancer: concurrent diagnostic tools","volume":"25","author":"Marino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-012-1788-5","article-title":"Clinical assessment of axillary lymph nodes and tumor size in breast cancer compared with histopathological examination: a population-based analysis of 2,537 women","volume":"37","author":"Majid","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-011-2200-7","article-title":"Accuracy of predicting axillary lymph node positivity by physical examination, mammography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"19","author":"Valente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.336125060","article-title":"Axillary staging of breast cancer: what the radiologist should know","volume":"33","author":"Ecanow","year":"2013","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34540","article-title":"Deep learning radiomics of ultrasonography for comprehensively predicting tumor and axillary lymph node status after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients: A multicenter study","volume":"129","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762906","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.762906","article-title":"Optimal selection of imaging examination for lymph node detection of breast cancer with different molecular subtypes","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15027-z","article-title":"Deep learning radiomics can predict axillary lymph node status in early-stage breast cancer","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr3094","article-title":"Advances in molecular imaging for breast cancer detection and characterization","volume":"14","author":"Specht","year":"2012","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res BCR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13086","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00506","article-title":"Molecular probes for autofluorescence-free optical imaging","volume":"121","author":"Y","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-018-0601-x","article-title":"Endocavitary contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS): a novel problem solving technique","volume":"9","author":"Yusuf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-09551-y","article-title":"The value of preoperative sentinel lymph node contrast-enhanced ultrasound for breast cancer: a large, multicenter trial","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-3361","article-title":"Breast Cancer detection by B7-H3\u2013targeted ultrasound molecular imaging","volume":"75","author":"Bachawal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-021-01680-3","article-title":"Detection and characterization of sentinel lymph node by ultrasound molecular imaging with B7-H3-targeted microbubbles in orthotopic breast cancer model in mice","volume":"24","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Imaging Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701006","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.701006","article-title":"B7-H3\/CD276: an emerging cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-021-02458-2","article-title":"Advancing intraoperative magnetic tracing using 3D freehand magnetic particle imaging","volume":"17","author":"S","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0430","first-page":"91","article-title":"Sentinel lymph node biopsy in a resourcelimited setting: a retrospective comparison of sentinel lymph node biopsy before and after the introduction of Sentimag at an academic breast unit","volume":"61","author":"M","year":"2023","journal-title":"South Afr J Surg Suid-Afr Tydskr Vir Chir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0435","first-page":"255","article-title":"Accuracy and feasibility of SentiMag technique for localization of non-palpable breast lesions","volume":"75","author":"A","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerva Chir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5425851","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5425851","article-title":"Lymph node metastases detection using Gd2O3@PCD as novel multifunctional contrast imaging agent in metabolic magnetic resonance molecular imaging","volume":"2022","author":"Rasouli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2019.100144","article-title":"A review of clinical photoacoustic imaging: current and future trends","volume":"16","author":"Attia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10090281","article-title":"Sentinel lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels: noninvasive dual-modality in vivo mapping by using indocyanine green in rats--volumetric spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging and planar fluorescence imaging","volume":"255","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061400","article-title":"Photoacoustic drug delivery","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45213","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45213","article-title":"Phase-transition nanodroplets for real-time photoacoustic\/ultrasound dual-modality imaging and Photothermal therapy of sentinel lymph node in breast Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2976427","article-title":"Noninvasive photoacoustic identification of sentinel lymph nodes containing methylene blue in vivo in a rat model","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11649","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR02920F","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided immunofunctional photoacoustic imaging for diagnosis of lymph node metastases","volume":"11","author":"Dumani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-0238","article-title":"Noninvasive detection of breast cancer lymph node metastasis using carbonic anhydrases IX and XII targeted imaging probes","volume":"18","author":"Tafreshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-3091","article-title":"A mammaglobin-A targeting agent for noninvasive detection of breast cancer metastasis in lymph nodes","volume":"71","author":"Tafreshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2867-9-8","article-title":"Mammaglobin as a potential molecular target for breast cancer drug delivery","volume":"9","author":"Zuo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14512","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202102044","article-title":"pH-amplified CRET nanoparticles for in vivo imaging of tumor metastatic lymph nodes","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4276","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.20999","article-title":"Noninvasive imaging of CD206-positive M2 macrophages as an early biomarker for post-chemotherapy tumor relapse and lymph node metastasis","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121388","article-title":"Specific diagnosis of lymph node micrometastasis in breast cancer by targeting activatable near-infrared fluorescence imaging","volume":"282","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15064","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b03739","article-title":"Ultra-sensitive detection and inhibition of the metastasis of breast cancer cells to adjacent lymph nodes and distant organs by using long-persistent luminescence nanoparticles","volume":"91","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-020-00399-0","article-title":"Metastatic status of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer determined with photoacoustic microscopy via dual-targeting nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Light Sci Appl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26064","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b09142","article-title":"Highly sensitive fluorescence and photoacoustic detection of metastatic breast cancer in mice using dual-modal nanoprobes","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10111","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201913149","article-title":"Nanoaggregate probe for breast cancer metastasis through multispectral optoacoustic tomography and aggregation-induced NIR-I\/II fluorescence imaging","volume":"59","author":"Ouyang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-022-05834-5","article-title":"Sensitive and specific detection of breast cancer lymph node metastasis through dual-modality magnetic particle imaging and fluorescence molecular imaging: a preclinical evaluation","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.1c00393","article-title":"NIR II Luminescence imaging for sentinel lymph node and enhanced chemo-\/photothermal therapy for breast cancer","volume":"32","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioconjug Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-01186-8","article-title":"A novel targeted multifunctional nanoplatform for visual chemo-hyperthermia synergy therapy on metastatic lymph nodes via lymphatic delivery","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49407","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c14576","article-title":"Self-assembled hybrid nanocomposites for multimodal imaging-guided photothermal therapy of lymph node metastasis","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"}],"container-title":["Clinical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S089970712300205X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S089970712300205X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T11:52:26Z","timestamp":1760269946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S089970712300205X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["S089970712300205X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-7071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-7071","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Lymph node metastases in breast cancer: Mechanisms and molecular imaging","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Imaging","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.109985","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109985"}}