{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:56:24Z","timestamp":1791320184592,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["K12 HD055931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12 HD055931"]}]},{"name":"DOD","award":["SC090355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SC090355"]}]},{"name":"Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Neurophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,14]],"date-time":"2014-02-14T12:02:35Z","timestamp":1392379355000},"page":"2024-2035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Neuromuscular constraints on muscle coordination during overground walking in persons with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Heather B.","family":"Hayes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacie A.","family":"Chvatal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret A.","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena H.","family":"Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randy D.","family":"Trumbower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2013.06.003","article-title":"The influence of merged muscle excitation modules on post-stroke hemiparetic walking performance","volume":"28","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(02)37004-3","article-title":"A review of the adaptability and recovery of locomotion after spinal cord injury","volume":"137","author":"Barbeau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309343215","article-title":"Evaluation of abnormal synergy patterns poststroke: relationship of the Fugl-Meyer assessment to hemiparetic locomotion","volume":"24","author":"Bowden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101909","article-title":"Falls in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"45","author":"Brotherton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.81.1.129","article-title":"Studies on the corticospinal control of human walking. I. Responses to focal transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex","volume":"81","author":"Capaday","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00081.2006","article-title":"Motor patterns in human walking and running","volume":"95","author":"Cappellini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01387.2007","article-title":"Adjustments of motor pattern for load compensation via modulated activations of muscle synergies during natural behaviors","volume":"101","author":"Cheung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19563","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910114106","article-title":"Stability of muscle synergies for voluntary actions after cortical stroke in humans","volume":"106","author":"Cheung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12237","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6344-11.2012","article-title":"Voluntary and reactive recruitment of locomotor muscle synergies during perturbed walking","volume":"32","author":"Chvatal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00549.2010","article-title":"Common muscle synergies for control of center of mass and force in nonstepping and stepping postural behaviors","volume":"106","author":"Chvatal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00825.2009","article-title":"Merging of healthy motor modules predicts reduced locomotor performance and muscle coordination complexity post-stroke","volume":"103","author":"Clark","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00675.2010","article-title":"Superposition and modulation of muscle synergies for reaching in response to a change in target location","volume":"106","author":"d\u2019Avella","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1336798","article-title":"Local dynamic stability versus kinematic variability of continuous overground and treadmill walking","volume":"123","author":"Dingwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.146605","article-title":"Muscle synergies during locomotion in the cat: a model for motor cortex control","volume":"586","author":"Drew","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/165019701750300645","article-title":"The spinal cord injury functional ambulation inventory (sci-fai)","volume":"33","author":"Field-Fote","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090359","article-title":"Influence of a locomotor training approach on walking speed and distance in people with chronic spinal cord injury: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"91","author":"Field-Fote","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00676.2012","article-title":"Modular control of varied locomotor tasks in children with incomplete spinal cord injuries","volume":"110","author":"Fox","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00727.2010","article-title":"Impulses of activation but not motor modules are preserved in the locomotion of subacute stroke patients","volume":"106","author":"Gizzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.91131.2008","article-title":"Changes in locomotor muscle activity after treadmill training in subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"101","author":"Gorassini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh115","article-title":"Distributed plasticity of locomotor pattern generators in spinal cord injured patients","volume":"127","author":"Grasso","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(01)00206-5","article-title":"Speed dependence of averaged EMG profiles in walking","volume":"16","author":"Hof","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3555","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00223.2003","article-title":"Temporal components of the motor patterns expressed by the human spinal cord reflect foot kinematics","volume":"90","author":"Ivanenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.057174","article-title":"Five basic muscle activation patterns account for muscle activity during human locomotion","volume":"556","author":"Ivanenko","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/44565","article-title":"Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization","volume":"401","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01380.2006","article-title":"Biomechanics of overground vs. Treadmill walking in healthy individuals","volume":"104","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150260338010","article-title":"Recruitment of spinal motor pools during voluntary movements versus stepping after human spinal cord injury","volume":"19","author":"Maegele","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90249-6","article-title":"Neurologic recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury: data from the model spinal cord injury systems","volume":"80","author":"Marino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.009","article-title":"Modular control of human walking: a simulation study","volume":"42","author":"Neptune","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00105-1","article-title":"Contributions of the individual ankle plantar flexors to support, forward progression and swing initiation during walking","volume":"34","author":"Neptune","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858403009003012","article-title":"How we walk: central control of muscle activity during human walking","volume":"9","author":"Nielsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2869-07.2008","article-title":"Modulation of muscle synergy recruitment in primate grasping","volume":"28","author":"Overduin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101453","article-title":"Treadmill walking in incomplete spinal-cord-injured subjects: 2. Factors limiting the maximal speed","volume":"41","author":"Pepin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-1947-5","article-title":"Motor skill training induces changes in the excitability of the leg cortical area in healthy humans","volume":"159","author":"Perez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.02.006","article-title":"Persons with Parkinson\u2019s disease exhibit decreased neuromuscular complexity during gait","volume":"124","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-001-0297-7","article-title":"Identification of neuromuscular synergies in natural upper-arm movements","volume":"86","author":"Sabatini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005693","article-title":"Corticospinal input in human gait: modulation of magnetically evoked motor responses","volume":"115","author":"Schubert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00810.2005","article-title":"Muscle synergy organization is robust across a variety of postural perturbations","volume":"96","author":"Torres-Oviedo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01360.2006","article-title":"Muscle synergies characterizing human postural responses","volume":"98","author":"Torres-Oviedo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3084","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00960.2009","article-title":"Subject-specific muscle synergies in human balance control are consistent across different biomechanical contexts","volume":"103","author":"Torres-Oviedo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00222.2005","article-title":"Matrix factorixation algorithms for the identification of muscle synergies: evaluation on simulated and experimental data sets","volume":"95","author":"Tresch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968306297861","article-title":"Assessment of walking speed and distance in subjects with an incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"21","author":"van Hedel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.02.010","article-title":"Assessing walking ability in subjects with spinal cord injury: validity and reliability of 3 walking tests","volume":"86","author":"van Hedel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0215","first-page":"123","article-title":"Rehabilitation of locomotion after spinal cord injury","volume":"28","author":"van Hedel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308320640","article-title":"Walking during daily life can be validly and responsively assessed in subjects with a spinal cord injury","volume":"23","author":"van Hedel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.06.015","article-title":"Modulation of leg muscle activity and gait kinematics by walking speed and bodyweight unloading","volume":"24","author":"van Hedel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0230","first-page":"540","article-title":"The effects of parallel bars, body weight support and speed on the modulation of the locomotor pattern of spastic paretic gait. A preliminary communication","volume":"32","author":"Visintin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001_b0235","series-title":"Biostatistical analysis","author":"Zar","year":"1974"}],"container-title":["Clinical Neurophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1388245714000662?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1388245714000662?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T11:23:47Z","timestamp":1761391427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1388245714000662"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1388245714000662"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1388-2457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1388-2457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neuromuscular constraints on muscle coordination during overground walking in persons with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Neurophysiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.02.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}