{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T13:30:51Z","timestamp":1785677451531,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Neurophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T16:25:59Z","timestamp":1632759959000},"page":"2870-2889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Central pattern generator and human locomotion in the context of referent control of motor actions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Anatol G.","family":"Feldman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mindy F.","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Garofolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5240-3798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Piscitelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0005","series-title":"Brain and space","first-page":"379","article-title":"Interaction of multiple representation of space in the brain","author":"Arbib","year":"1991"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858416670124","article-title":"Neurons versus networks: the interplay between individual neurons and neural networks in cognitive functions","volume":"23","author":"Arshavsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0015","first-page":"925","article-title":"Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of movements or maintenance of a steady posture: I. Mechanographic analysis of the work of the joint on execution of a postural task","volume":"10","author":"Asatryan","year":"1965","journal-title":"Biophysics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_bib536","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1139\/y95-035","article-title":"Contribution of proprioception for calibrating and updating the motor space.","volume":"73","author":"Bard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0020","series-title":"Beyond human: living with robots and cyborgs","author":"Benford","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228401","article-title":"Reference systems for coding spatial information in normal subject and a deafferented patient","volume":"93","author":"Blouin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"Issue 3, Supplement 2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0030","first-page":"S20","article-title":"Pathophysiology of spasticity in stroke","volume":"80","author":"Burke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00242014","article-title":"The effects of baclofen on the stretch reflex parameters of the cat","volume":"104","author":"Capaday","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02173-2","article-title":"The special nature of human walking and its neural control","volume":"25","author":"Capaday","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1987.sp016794","article-title":"Difference in the amplitude of the human soleus H reflex during walking and running","volume":"392","author":"Capaday","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21949","article-title":"Development of vertical and forward jumping skills in typically developing children in the context of referent control of motor actions","volume":"62","author":"Chan\u2010Viquez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.05.027","article-title":"Activity-dependent transport of the transcriptional coactivator CRTC1 from synapse to nucleus","volume":"150","author":"Ch'ng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80429-8","article-title":"Action-oriented spatial reference frames in cortex","volume":"20","author":"Colby","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1975.sp010850","article-title":"Muscle tension during unrestrained human eye movements","volume":"245","author":"Collins","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.71.2.817","article-title":"Reinnervated muscles fail to produce stretch refkexes","volume":"71","author":"Cope","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(84)90144-4","article-title":"Evidence of phase-dependent nociceptive reflexes during locomotion in man","volume":"85","author":"Crenna","year":"1984","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0833-8","article-title":"A stretch reflex in extraocular muscles of species purportedly lacking muscle spindles","volume":"180","author":"Dancause","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63916-5.00006-9","article-title":"Voluntary steps and gait initiations","volume":"159","author":"Day","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(75)90484-9","article-title":"On the role of central program and afferent inflow in the control of scratching movements in the cat","volume":"100","author":"Deliagina","year":"1975","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)62276-1","article-title":"Gating of reflexes in ankle muscles during human stance and gait","volume":"97","author":"Dietz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00120-2","article-title":"Spinal cord pattern generators for locomotion","volume":"114","author":"Dietz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1987.sp016527","article-title":"Stumbling reactions in man: significance of proprioceptive and pre-programmed mechanisms","volume":"386","author":"Dietz","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0110","series-title":"The Meaning of Relativity","year":"1922"},{"issue":"4072","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0115","first-page":"501","volume":"179","author":"Evarts","year":"1973","journal-title":"Motor cortex reflexes associated with learned movement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0120","first-page":"565","article-title":"Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture. II. Controllable parameters of the muscle","volume":"11","author":"Feldman","year":"1966","journal-title":"Biophysics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1986.10735369","article-title":"Once more on the equilibrium-point hypothesis (\u03bb model) for motor control","volume":"18","author":"Feldman","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Motor Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0130","series-title":"Referent control of action and perception: challenging conventional theories in behavioral neuroscience","author":"Feldman","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00575.2018","article-title":"Indirect, referent control of motor actions underlies directional tuning of neurons","volume":"121","author":"Feldman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2608-0","article-title":"Changes in the referent body location and configuration may underlie human gait, as confirmed by findings of multi- muscle activity minimizations and phase resetting","volume":"210","author":"Feldman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-2049-0","article-title":"Testing hypotheses and the advancement of science: recent attempts to falsify the equilibrium point hypothesis","volume":"161","author":"Feldman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0004070X","article-title":"The origin and use of positional frames of reference in motor control","volume":"18","author":"Feldman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(72)90091-X","article-title":"The influence of different descending systems on the tonic stretch reflex in the cat","volume":"37","author":"Feldman","year":"1972","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.2.3.189","article-title":"Recent tests of the equilibrium-point hypothesis (\u03bb model) for motor control","volume":"2","author":"Feldman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Motor Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00076.2020","article-title":"Eye and head movements and vestibulo-ocular reflex in the context of indirect, referent control of motor actions","volume":"124","author":"Feldman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(01)00265-3","article-title":"Computational approaches to motor control","volume":"11","author":"Flash","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0175","series-title":"The language of thought","author":"Fodor","year":"1975"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0180","first-page":"27","article-title":"Rapid elbow flexion in the absence of proprioception and cutaneous feedback","volume":"6","author":"Forget","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hum Neurobiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.72.5.2090","article-title":"Effects of conditioning cutaneomuscular stimulation on the soleus H-reflex in normal and spastic paretic subjects during walking and standing","volume":"72","author":"Fung","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5258","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5258.117","article-title":"Equilibrium point control hypothesis examined by measured arm stiffness during multi joint movement","volume":"272","author":"Gomi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.2.1.10","article-title":"Rejecting the equilibrium-point hypothesis","volume":"2","author":"Gottlieb","year":"1998","journal-title":"Motor Control"},{"issue":"572","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1911.0077","article-title":"The intrinsic factors in the act of progression in the mammal","volume":"84","author":"Graham-Brown","year":"1911","journal-title":"Proc Roy Soc Lond, B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000547","article-title":"Compensation for loads during arm movements using equilibrium-point control","volume":"135","author":"Gribble","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1975.55.2.247","article-title":"Locomotion in vertebrates: control mechanisms and reflex interactions","volume":"55","author":"Grillner","year":"1975","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"4635","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6691161","article-title":"The edge cell, a possible intraspinal mechanoreceptor","volume":"223","author":"Grillner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/107385849500100107","article-title":"Multiple representation of space in the brain","volume":"1","author":"Gross","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-003-0414-x","article-title":"Synthesis of two-dimensional human walking: a test of the \u03bb-model","volume":"89","author":"G\u00fcnther","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4733","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4895-04.2005","article-title":"Central suppression of regenerated proprioceptive afferents","volume":"25","author":"Haftel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858408314986","article-title":"Persistent inward currents in spinal motoneurons and their influence on human motoneuron firing patterns","volume":"14","author":"Heckman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"3287","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1126\/science.126.3287.1345","article-title":"Relation between size of neurons and their susceptibility to discharge","volume":"126","author":"Henneman","year":"1957","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1938.0050","article-title":"The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle","volume":"126","author":"Hill","year":"1938","journal-title":"Proc R Soc London B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.033845","article-title":"The case for an internal dynamics model versus equilibrium point control","volume":"549","author":"Hinder","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(82)90111-4","article-title":"Computers, brains, and the control of movement","volume":"5","author":"Hollerbach","year":"1982","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-5","article-title":"The physiological basis of neurorehabilitation - locomotor training after spinal cord injury","volume":"21","author":"Hubli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"3-5","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2006.04.001","article-title":"Spinal reflexes, mechanisms and concepts: from Eccles to Lundberg and beyond","volume":"78","author":"Hultborn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0270","first-page":"347","article-title":"Separate cortical systems for control of joint movement and joint stiffness: reciprocal activation and coactivation of antagonist muscles","volume":"39","author":"Humphrey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.09.008","article-title":"Corticospinal control strategies underlying voluntary and involuntary wrist movements","volume":"236","author":"Ilmane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858406287987","article-title":"Motor control programs and walking","volume":"12","author":"Ivanenko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscientist."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1992.72.3.623","article-title":"Golgi tendon organs in mammalian skeletal muscle: functional properties and central actions","volume":"72","author":"Jami","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00709.x","article-title":"Limitations in the regulation of the stretch reflex thresholds in elbow flexors in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"42","author":"Jobin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0295","unstructured":"Kleckner J. 10 Albert Einstein quotes to inspire your life; 2018. https:\/\/addicted2success.com\/quotes\/80-albert-einstein-quotes-to-inspire-you-for-life\/, Accessed January 3, 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00552.2012","article-title":"Reduced gait stability in high-functioning poststroke individuals","volume":"109","author":"Krasovsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0271g.x","article-title":"McCrea DA State-dependent hyperpolarization of voltage threshold enhances motoneuron excitability during fictive locomotion in the cat","volume":"532","author":"Krawitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.72.1.299","article-title":"Rapid adaptation to Coriolis force perturbations of arm trajectory","volume":"72","author":"Lackner","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0315","series-title":"Physics of biological action and perception","author":"Latash","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0552-1","article-title":"Muscle coordination in complex movements during Jet\u00e9 in skilled ballet dancers","volume":"175","author":"Lepelley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00204-7","article-title":"Spatial zones for muscle coactivation and the control of postural stability","volume":"757","author":"Levin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90949-0","article-title":"The role of stretch reflex threshold regulation in normal and impaired motor control","volume":"657","author":"Levin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229891","article-title":"Reciprocal and coactivation commands for fast wrist movements","volume":"89","author":"Levin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1139\/y95-042","article-title":"Control variables and proprioceptive feedback in fast single-joint movement","volume":"73","author":"Levin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02298-2","article-title":"Deficits in the coordination of agonist and antagonist muscles in stroke patients: Implications for normal motor control","volume":"853","author":"Levin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)00923-X","article-title":"Multi-muscle control of head movements in monkeys: the referent configuration hypothesis","volume":"283","author":"Lestienne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0355","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Control implications of musculoskeletal mechanics. Proc 17th Int Conf Engin Med","author":"Loeb","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90027-C","article-title":"Control of whole body balance in the frontal plane during human walking","volume":"26","author":"MacKinnon","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051430404","article-title":"The occurrence of muscle spindles in extraocular muscles of various vertebrates","volume":"143","author":"Maier","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00865.2011","article-title":"Motoneuronal and muscle synergies involved in cat hindlimb control during fictive and real locomotion: a comparison study","volume":"107","author":"Markin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1959.sp006261","article-title":"A study of certain factors influencing the stretch reflex of the decerebrated cat","volume":"147","author":"Matthews","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858417699790","article-title":"The human central pattern generator for locomotion: Does it exist and contribute to walking?","volume":"23","author":"Minassian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscientist."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.10.008","article-title":"Stretch reflex spatial threshold measure discriminates between spasticity and rigidity","volume":"124","author":"Mullick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-0956-6","article-title":"Relation between stretch reflex thresholds and abnormal muscle activation during voluntary movement in the arm of patients with stroke","volume":"181","author":"Musampa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00235249","article-title":"Adapting reflexes controlling the human posture","volume":"26","author":"Nashner","year":"1976","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1624-0","article-title":"A critical evaluation of the force control hypothesis in motor control","volume":"153","author":"Ostry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005757","article-title":"Phasic and tonic stretch reflexes in muscles with few muscle spindles: human jaw opener muscles","volume":"116","author":"Ostry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0410","series-title":"Body image and body schema: interdisciplinary perspectives","article-title":"Configural encoding of body space. A neural basis for a distinction between body schema and body image","author":"Paillard","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0415","series-title":"Shadows of the mind: A search for the missing science of consciousness","author":"Penrose","year":"1996"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2020","article-title":"Redundancy and multifunctionality among spinal locomotor networks","volume":"124","author":"Pham","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0445-3","article-title":"Threshold control of motor actions prevents destabilizing effects of proprioceptive delays","volume":"174","author":"Pilon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.05.030","article-title":"Deficits in corticospinal control of stretch reflex thresholds in stroke: Implications for motor impairment","volume":"131","author":"Piscitelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.186858","article-title":"Control of wrist position and muscle relaxation by shifting spatial frames of reference for motoneuronal recruitment: possible involvement of corticospinal pathways","volume":"588","author":"Raptis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(97)80037-2","article-title":"Parietal cortex: from sight to action","volume":"7","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.118711","article-title":"Modelling spinal circuitry involved in locomotor pattern generation: insights from the effects of afferent stimulation","volume":"577","author":"Rybak","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2496(79)90020-8","article-title":"Levels of sensorimotor representation","volume":"20","author":"Saltzman","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Math Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0455","series-title":"The computational neurobiology of reaching and pointing: A foundation for motor learning","author":"Shadmehr","year":"2005"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00840.2016","article-title":"Distinct neural circuits for control of movement vs. holding still","volume":"117","author":"Shadmehr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(84)90297-5","article-title":"Medullary locomotor strip and column in the cat","volume":"13","author":"Selionov","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0470","series-title":"The integrative actions of the nervous system","author":"Sherrington","year":"1906"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1976.56.3.465","article-title":"Neurophysiology of locomotor automatism","volume":"56","author":"Shik","year":"1976","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1139\/y81-110","article-title":"The coactivation of antagonist muscles","volume":"59","author":"Smith","year":"1981","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.02.057","article-title":"The effect of sensory feedback on the timing of movements: evidence from deafferented patients","volume":"1084","author":"Stenneken","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01143.2015","article-title":"Implicit learning and generalization of stretch response modulation in humans","volume":"115","author":"Turpin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0495","series-title":"Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik (Part III)","author":"von Helmholtz","year":"1866"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-5601(54)80044-X","article-title":"Relations between the central nervous system and the peripheral organs","volume":"2","author":"von Holst","year":"1954","journal-title":"Br J Anim Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0505","series-title":"Biomechanics and motor control of human movement","author":"Winter","year":"1990"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(98)00066-5","article-title":"Multiple paired forward and inverse models for motor control","volume":"11","author":"Wolpert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2594-2","article-title":"Differentiation between the contributions of shortening reaction and stretch-induced inhibition to rigidity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"209","author":"Xia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.3.1.28","article-title":"Instant equilibrium point and its migration in standing tasks: rambling and trembling components of the stabilogram","volume":"3","author":"Zatsiorsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Motor Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858404264680","article-title":"Regulation of arm and leg movement during human locomotion","volume":"10","author":"Zehr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7000","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-17-07000.1998","article-title":"Mechanisms of deafferentation-induced plasticity in human motor cortex","volume":"18","author":"Ziemann","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1123\/mc.2014-0084","article-title":"Under threshold position control, peripheral mechanisms compensate efficiently for small perturbations of arm movements","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Motor Control"}],"container-title":["Clinical Neurophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S138824572100729X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S138824572100729X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T12:04:52Z","timestamp":1761393892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S138824572100729X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S138824572100729X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1388-2457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1388-2457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Central pattern generator and human locomotion in the context of referent control of motor actions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Neurophysiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}