{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T04:34:04Z","timestamp":1793853244618,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82071211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82371209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Neurophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T16:16:01Z","timestamp":1774714561000},"page":"2111867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Machine learning-based prediction of postoperative delirium from intraoperative EEG signal alterations in brain functional connectivity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0089-5719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yida","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingya","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueqin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongfang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Feng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0005","article-title":"Association of pain during the evaluation of delirium in intensive care unit patients","volume":"8","author":"Alvarez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2016.09.008","article-title":"Frontal EEG theta\/beta ratio as an electrophysiological marker for attentional control and its test-retest reliability","volume":"121","author":"Angelidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21000","article-title":"A phase synchrony measure for quantifying dynamic functional integration in the brain","volume":"32","author":"Aviyente","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.930434","article-title":"Deconstructing delirium in the post anaesthesia care unit","volume":"14","author":"Banerji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.09.009","article-title":"Investigating how electroencephalogram measures associate with delirium: a systematic review","volume":"132","author":"Boord","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10358","article-title":"Oscillatory nature of human basal ganglia activity: relationship to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease","volume":"18","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01250-2","article-title":"Mini-Mental State Examination: new normative values on subjects in Southern Italy","volume":"32","author":"Carpinelli Mazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2014.04.003","article-title":"Frontal midline theta reflects anxiety and cognitive control: meta-analytic evidence","volume":"109","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Paris"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)90129-5","article-title":"Validation of a combined comorbidity index","volume":"47","author":"Charlson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.11060976","article-title":"Neural network functional connectivity during and after an episode of delirium","volume":"169","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.21.2703","article-title":"Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU)","volume":"286","author":"Ely","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1753","article-title":"Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit","volume":"291","author":"Ely","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2023.103493","article-title":"Suffering in silence - Cardiac surgery patients recalling hypoactive delirium a qualitative descriptive study","volume":"79","author":"Falk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intensive Crit. Care Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-018-0388-z","article-title":"Delirium is associated with frequency band specific dysconnectivity in intrinsic connectivity networks: preliminary evidence from a large retrospective pilot case-control study","volume":"5","author":"Fleischmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059418767584","article-title":"Diagnostic performance and utility of quantitative EEG analyses in delirium: confirmatory results from a large retrospective case-control study","volume":"50","author":"Fleischmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2021.110473","article-title":"Artificial intelligence predicts delirium following cardiac surgery: a case study","volume":"75","author":"Fliegenschmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_bib246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2023.03.006","article-title":"Intraoperative enhancement of effective connectivity in the default mode network predicts postoperative delirium following cardiovascular surgery","volume":"145","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geriatric Medicine Research C. Delirium is prevalent in older hospital inpatients and associated with adverse outcomes: results of a prospective multi-centre study on World Delirium Awareness Day. BMC Med 2019;17(1):229. Doi: 10.1186\/s12916-019-1458-7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1458-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21899","article-title":"Delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery and late mortality","volume":"67","author":"Gottesman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200103000-00010","article-title":"Correlation between cortical theta activity and hippocampal volumes in health, mild cognitive impairment, and mild dementia","volume":"18","author":"Grunwald","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-200201000-00006","article-title":"Theta-power differences in patients with mild cognitive impairment under rest condition and during haptic tasks","volume":"16","author":"Grunwald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006075","article-title":"Postoperative delirium severity and recovery correlate with electroencephalogram spectral features","volume":"136","author":"Guay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105041","article-title":"EEG source connectivity analysis: from dense array recordings to brain networks","volume":"9","author":"Hassan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.07.032","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of sustained attention are rhythmic","volume":"99","author":"Helfrich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001895","article-title":"Intra-operative electroencephalogram frontal alpha-band spectral analysis and postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery: a prospective cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Khalifa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1260","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008164","article-title":"Clinical EEG slowing correlates with delirium severity and predicts poor clinical outcomes","volume":"93","author":"Kimchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)8:4<194::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Measuring phase synchrony in brain signals","volume":"8","author":"Lachaux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14056","article-title":"Cerebral oximetry and postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery: a randomised, controlled trial","volume":"72","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0140","article-title":"Frontal and parietal lobes play crucial roles in understanding the disorder of consciousness: a perspective from electroencephalogram studies","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0145","first-page":"2659","article-title":"Anticipating postoperative delirium during burst suppression using electroencephalography","volume":"67","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"I.E.E.E. Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.22268","article-title":"Delirium detection using GAMMA wave and machine learning: a pilot study","volume":"45","author":"Mulkey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Nurs. Health"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7297","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-16-07297.2002","article-title":"Decreased neuronal synchronization during experimental seizures","volume":"22","author":"Netoff","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.08.021","article-title":"Delirium detection using relative delta power based on 1-minute single-channel EEG: a multicentre study","volume":"122","author":"Numan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1301372","article-title":"Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness","volume":"369","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.795260","article-title":"Derivation and validation of a preoperative prediction rule for delirium after cardiac surgery","volume":"119","author":"Rudolph","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182147f6d","article-title":"Review articles: postoperative delirium: acute change with long-term implications","volume":"112","author":"Rudolph","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.03.048","article-title":"Hypothesis for the pathophysiology of delirium: role of baseline brain network connectivity and changes in inhibitory tone","volume":"77","author":"Sanders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"issue":"49","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17288","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406074101","article-title":"Neural synchrony indexes disordered perception and cognition in schizophrenia","volume":"101","author":"Spencer","year":"2004","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.09.022","article-title":"Disturbed fluctuations of resting state EEG synchronization in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"116","author":"Stam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15607","article-title":"Evidence-based strategies to reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium: a narrative review","volume":"77","author":"Swarbrick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"6619","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq2591","article-title":"The emergent properties of the connected brain","volume":"378","author":"Thiebaut de Schotten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2014.04.009","article-title":"Frontal midline theta connectivity is related to efficiency of WM maintenance and is affected by aging","volume":"114","author":"Toth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8168","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2002-06.2006","article-title":"Dysfunctional long-range coordination of neural activity during Gestalt perception in schizophrenia","volume":"26","author":"Uhlhaas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000329","article-title":"Decreased functional connectivity and disturbed directionality of information flow in the electroencephalography of intensive care unit patients with delirium after cardiac surgery","volume":"121","author":"van Dellen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5053","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305375101","article-title":"Infraslow oscillations modulate excitability and interictal epileptic activity in the human cortex during sleep","volume":"101","author":"Vanhatalo","year":"2004","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004664","article-title":"Electroencephalographic biomarkers, cerebral oximetry, and postoperative cognitive function in adult noncardiac surgical patients: a prospective cohort study","volume":"139","author":"Vlisides","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0230","article-title":"Distinct effects of the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 genotype on associations between delayed recall performance and resting-state electroencephalography theta power in elderly people without dementia","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2014.966145","article-title":"Electroencephalographic theta activity and cognition in schizophrenia: preliminary results","volume":"16","author":"Wichniak","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.972538","article-title":"Is frontoparietal electroencephalogram activity related to the level of functional disability in patients emerging from a minimally conscious state? A preliminary study","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79391-y","article-title":"Topological data analysis (TDA) enhances bispectral EEG (BSEEG) algorithm for detection of delirium","volume":"11","author":"Yamanashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Clinical Neurophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1388245726003664?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1388245726003664?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T11:28:43Z","timestamp":1784978923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1388245726003664"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S1388245726003664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867","relation":{},"ISSN":["1388-2457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1388-2457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Machine learning-based prediction of postoperative delirium from intraoperative EEG signal alterations in brain functional connectivity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Neurophysiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2026.2111867","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"2111867"}}