{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T20:44:05Z","timestamp":1779309845673,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]],"date-time":"2009-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257033600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,26]],"date-time":"2010-01-26T09:59:17Z","timestamp":1264499957000},"page":"2503-2518","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Febuxostat: A selective xanthine-oxidase\/xanthine-dehydrogenase inhibitor for the management of hyperuricemia in adults with gout"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Ernst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle A.","family":"Fravel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1907","article-title":"Epidemiology, risk factors, and lifestyle modifications for gout","volume":"8","author":"Saag","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.076232","article-title":"Gout in the UK and Germany: Prevalence, comorbidities and management in general practice 2000\u20132005","volume":"67","author":"Annemans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib3","series-title":"Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology","article-title":"Chapter 87: Gout and hyperuricemia","author":"Wortmann","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(87)90441-4","article-title":"Asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Risks and consequences in the Normative Aging Study","volume":"82","author":"Campion","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-55-2-179","article-title":"Efficacy of colchicine prophylaxis in gout. Prevention of recurrent gouty arthritis over a mean period of five years in 208 gouty subjects","volume":"55","author":"Yu","year":"1961","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib6","first-page":"1575","article-title":"Compliance with allopurinol therapy among managed care enrollees with gout: A retrospective analysis of administrative claims","volume":"31","author":"Riedel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90743-5","article-title":"Severe allopurinol toxicity. Description and guidelines for prevention in patients with renal insufficiency","volume":"76","author":"Hande","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200205000-00015","article-title":"Gout and hyperuricemia","volume":"14","author":"Wortmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.10.031","article-title":"Selectivity of febuxostat, a novel non-purine inhibitor ofxanthine oxidase\/ xanthine dehydrogenase","volume":"76","author":"Takano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.14.7.893","article-title":"Febuxostat: A non-purine, selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase for the management of hyperuricaemia in patients with gout","volume":"14","author":"Schumacher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M208307200","article-title":"An extremely potent inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductasex. Crystal structure of the enzyme-inhibitor complex and mechanism of inhibition","volume":"278","author":"Okamoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1159\/000028344","article-title":"Effect of TEI-6720, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, on the nucleoside transport in the lung cancer cell line A549","volume":"60","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1081\/NCN-200027372","article-title":"Febuxostat (TMX-67), a novel, non-purine, selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, is safe and decreases serum urate in healthy volunteers","volume":"23","author":"Becker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/00045391-200501000-00005","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat, a new non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase in subjects with renal impairment","volume":"12","author":"Mayer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.03016.x","article-title":"Effect of food or antacid on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat in healthy subjects","volume":"65","author":"Khosravan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270008322035","article-title":"The effect of age and gender on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase","volume":"48","author":"Khosravan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1080\/00498250801956350","article-title":"In vitro drug-drug interaction studies with febuxostat, a novel non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: Plasma protein binding, identification of metabolic enzymes and cytochrome P450 inhibition","volume":"38","author":"Mukoyoshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Xenobiotica."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(93)90033-E","article-title":"Hypouricemic effect of allopurinol and the novel xanthine oxidase inhibitor TEI-6720 in chimpanzees","volume":"250","author":"Komoriya","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib19","first-page":"307","article-title":"A comparative study on the hypouricemic activity and potency in renal xanthine calculus formation of two xanthine oxidase\/ xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitors: TEI-6720 and allopurinol in rats","volume":"104","author":"Horiuchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(93)90201-R","article-title":"Hypouricemic effect of the novel xanthine oxidase inhibitor, TEI-6720, in rodents","volume":"241","author":"Osada","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib21","first-page":"293","article-title":"Nephrotoxic effects of allopurinol in dinitrofluorobenzene-sensitized mice: Comparative studies on TEI-6720","volume":"104","author":"Horiuchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1081\/NCN-200027377","article-title":"PK\/PD and safety of a single dose of TMX-67 (febuxostat) in subjects with mild and moderate renal impairment","volume":"23","author":"Hoshide","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270005282634","article-title":"The effect of mild and moderate hepatic impairment on pharma- cokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase","volume":"46","author":"Khosravan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2004.12.059","article-title":"Effects of febuxostat on pharmacokinetics of desipramine, a CYP2D6 substrate, in healthy subjects","volume":"77","author":"Khosravan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270006289848","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic interactions of concomitant administration of febuxostat and NSAIDs","volume":"46","author":"Khosravan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol."},{"issue":"Suppl 9","key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib26","first-page":"S102","article-title":"Effect of concomitant administration of febuxostat and colchicine on pharmacokinetics of febuxostat and colchicine at steady state","volume":"52","author":"Khosravan","year":"2005","journal-title":"ArthritisRheum"},{"issue":"Suppl 9","key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib27","first-page":"S103","article-title":"Effect of hydrochlorothiazide on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat","volume":"52","author":"Grabowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib28","first-page":"1084","article-title":"Effect of febuxostat on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin","volume":"45","author":"Khosravan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib29","series-title":"Uloric (febuxostat) [package insert]","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20935","article-title":"Febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: A twenty-eightday, multicenter, phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, dose-response clinical trial examining safety and efficacy in patients with gout","volume":"52","author":"Becker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken457","article-title":"Febuxostat in the treatment of gout: 5-Yr findings of the FOCUS efficacy and safety study","volume":"48","author":"Schumacher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)."},{"issue":"Suppl 9","key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib32","first-page":"S530","article-title":"Phase II dose-response clinical trial using febuxostat (TMX-67), a novel-type xanthine oxidase\/xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitor, for gout and hyperuricemia","volume":"48","author":"Kamatani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"issue":"Suppl 9","key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib33","first-page":"S337","article-title":"Febuxostat, a novel non-purine selective inhibitor ofxanthine oxidase, in a phase III placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial in Japanese subjects with gout or hyperuricemia","volume":"50","author":"Kamatani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050373","article-title":"Febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with hyperuricemia and gout","volume":"353","author":"Becker","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24209","article-title":"Effects of febuxostat versus allopurinol and placebo in reducing serum urate in subjects with hyperuricemia and gout: A 28-week, phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial","volume":"59","author":"Schumacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080814","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of successful longterm urate lowering with febuxostat or allopurinol in subjects with gout","volume":"36","author":"Becker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"issue":"Suppl 9","key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib37","first-page":"S336","article-title":"Febuxostat, a novel non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine-oxidase, in an allopurinol-controlled phase III clinical trial in Japanese subjects with gout or hyperuricemia","volume":"50","author":"Kamatani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"issue":"Suppl 9","key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib39","first-page":"S336","article-title":"Febuxostat, a novel non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, therapy in allopurinol intolerant patients","volume":"50","author":"Becker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780200320","article-title":"Preliminary criteria for the classification of the acute arthritis of primary gout","volume":"20","author":"Wallace","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib41","first-page":"908","article-title":"A cost effectiveness analysis of urate lowering drugs in nontophaceous recurrent gouty arthritis","volume":"22","author":"Ferraz","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-009-0019-z","article-title":"A critical reappraisal of allopurinol dosing, safety, and efficacy for hyperuricemia in gout","volume":"11","author":"Chao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200868130-00007","article-title":"Febuxostat: A viewpoint by N. Lawrence Edwards","volume":"68","author":"Edwards","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drugs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033_bib44","first-page":"66","volume":"29","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Clinical Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149291809004330?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149291809004330?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]],"date-time":"2018-12-13T19:51:29Z","timestamp":1544730689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0149291809004330"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0149291809004330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.11.033","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-2918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-2918","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]}}}