{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T07:04:52Z","timestamp":1765609492327},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]],"date-time":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320105600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,28]],"date-time":"2011-10-28T04:27:08Z","timestamp":1319776028000},"page":"1630-1642","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Intensifying Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Dosing Options for Insulin Analogue Premixes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Tibaldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib1","first-page":"S62","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus","volume":"32","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib2","series-title":"National Diabetes Fact Sheet: United States, 2005","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib3","series-title":"National Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2007","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1136","article-title":"Impact of recent increase in incidence on future diabetes burden: United States, 2005\u20132050","volume":"29","author":"Narayan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.15.6.540","article-title":"Statement by an American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists\/American College of Endocrinology consensus panel on type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic control","volume":"15","author":"Rodbard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib7","first-page":"S11","article-title":"Standards of medical care in diabetes\u20142011","volume":"34","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe0803831","article-title":"Glycemic targets and cardiovascular disease","volume":"358","author":"Cefalu","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.3.881","article-title":"Contributions of fasting and postprandial plasma glucose increments to the overall diurnal hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetic patients: variations with increasing levels of HbA(1c)","volume":"26","author":"Monnier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113339","article-title":"Twenty-four-hour profiles and pulsatile patterns of insulin secretion in normal and obese subjects","volume":"81","author":"Polonsky","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1358\/mf.2004.26.6.831318","article-title":"Insulin analogues in the management of diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Vazquez-Carrera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-200727050-00002","article-title":"Biphasic insulin aspart in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an evidence-based medicine review","volume":"27","author":"Gough","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Drug Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2174\/1568008024606266","article-title":"Novel peptides under development for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"2","author":"Baron","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-9025","article-title":"Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy","volume":"32","author":"Nathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.6.813","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of 125I-labeled insulin glargine (HOE 901) in healthy men: comparison with NPH insulin and the influence of different subcutaneous injection sites","volume":"23","author":"Owens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.5.644","article-title":"Time-action profile of the long-acting insulin analog insulin glargine (HOE901) in comparison with those of NPH insulin and placebo","volume":"23","author":"Heinemann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-41625","article-title":"Comparison of the subcutaneous absorption of insulin glargine (Lantus) and NPH insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Luzio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01414.x","article-title":"Lower risk of hypoglycemia with insulin detemir than with neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin in older persons with type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of phase III trials","volume":"55","author":"Garber","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.5.1107","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, dose-response study investigating the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of the long-acting insulin analog detemir","volume":"28","author":"Plank","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(07)70241-0","article-title":"Addition of rapid-acting insulin to basal insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: indications and modalities","volume":"32","author":"Monnier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib21","first-page":"17","article-title":"Insulin initiation and intensification: insights from new studies","volume":"59","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.17.2254","article-title":"Outpatient insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: scientific review","volume":"289","author":"DeWitt","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2007.00804.x","article-title":"The usage of a simplified self-titration dosing guideline (303 Algorithm) for insulin detemir in patients with type 2 diabetes\u2014results of the randomized, controlled PREDICTIVE 303 study","volume":"9","author":"Meneghini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2008.02483.x","article-title":"Less weight gain and hypoglycaemia with once-daily insulin detemir than NPH insulin in intensification of insulin therapy in overweight type 2 diabetes patients\u2014the PREDICTIVE BMI clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Fajardo Montanana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2006.10.020","article-title":"Comparison of once-daily insulin detemir with NPH insulin added to a regimen of oral antidiabetic drugs in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Philis-Tsimikas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib27","series-title":"NovoLog Mix 70\/30 (70% insulin aspart protamine suspension and 30% insulin aspart injection, rDNA origin) [prescribing information]","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib28","series-title":"Humalog Mix 75\/25 (75% insulin lispro protamine suspension and 25% insulin lispro injection, rDNA origin) [prescribing information]","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib29","series-title":"Humalog Mix 50\/50 (50% insulin lispro protamine suspension and 50% insulin lispro injection, rDNA origin) [prescribing information]","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib30","series-title":"Humulin 70\/30 (70% human insulin isophane suspension and 30% human insulin injection, rDNA origin) [prescribing information]","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib31","series-title":"Novolin 70\/30 (70% NPH, human insulin isophane suspension and 30% regular, human insulin injection, rDNA origin) [prescribing information]","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200666010-00003","article-title":"Premixed insulin analogues for the treatment of diabetes mellitus","volume":"66","author":"Garber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.5.883","article-title":"Improved postprandial glycemic control with biphasic insulin aspart relative to biphasic insulin lispro and biphasic human insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Hermansen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib34","first-page":"481","article-title":"Humalog Mix25 offers better mealtime glycemic control in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Malone","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(02)00202-4","article-title":"A comparison of insulin lispro Mix25 and human insulin 30\/70 in the treatment of type 2 diabetes during Ramadan","volume":"59","author":"Mattoo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2002.00733.x","article-title":"Premixed insulin aspart 30 vs. premixed human insulin 30\/70 twice daily: a randomized trial in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"19","author":"Boehm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-003-0110-2","article-title":"Importance of premeal injection time in insulin therapy: Humalog Mix25 is convenient for improved post-prandial glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients with Italian dietary habits","volume":"40","author":"Coscelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.8.1258","article-title":"Improved postprandial glycemic control during treatment with Humalog Mix25, a novel protamine-based insulin lispro formulation","volume":"22","author":"Roach","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0097","article-title":"Biphasic insulin aspart 30\/70 (BIAsp 30): pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) in comparison with once-daily biphasic human insulin and basal-bolus therapy","volume":"32","author":"Heise","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2005.00563.x","article-title":"Attainment of glycaemic goals in type 2 diabetes with once-, twice-, or thrice-daily dosing with biphasic insulin aspart 70\/30 (The 1-2-3 study)","volume":"8","author":"Garber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2007.00826.x","article-title":"Biphasic insulin aspart 30 treatment improves glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes in a clinical practice setting: experience from the PRESENT study","volume":"10","author":"Khutsoane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2008.01792.x","article-title":"When glycaemic targets can no longer be achieved with basal insulin in type 2 diabetes, can simple intensification with a modern premixed insulin help?","volume":"62","author":"Jang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2008.01917.x","article-title":"The IMPROVE study\u2014a multinational, observational study in type 2 diabetes: baseline characteristics from eight national cohorts","volume":"62","author":"Valensi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2009.02064.x","article-title":"Intensification to biphasic insulin aspart 30\/70 (BIAsp 30, NovoMix 30) can improve glycaemic control in patients treated with basal insulins: a subgroup analysis of the IMPROVE observational study","volume":"63","author":"Gumprecht","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2006.09.006","article-title":"Basal insulin or premix analogue therapy in type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"18","author":"Raskin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2008.00915.x","article-title":"Comparison of insulin analogue regimens in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the PREFER Study: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Liebl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-2117","article-title":"DURAbility of basal versus lispro mix 75\/25 insulin efficacy (DURABLE) trial 24-week results: safety and efficacy of insulin lispro mix 75\/25 versus insulin glargine added to oral antihyperglycemic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Buse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2010.05.001","volume":"32","author":"Miser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(00)88307-1","article-title":"Improved postprandial blood glucose control and reduced nocturnal hypoglycemia during treatment with two novel insulin-protamine formulations, insulin lispro Mix25","volume":"21","author":"Roach","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2004.12.015","article-title":"Combined therapy with insulin lispro Mix 75\/25 plus metformin or insulin glargine plus metformin: a 16-week, randomized, open-label, crossover study in patients with type 2 diabetes beginning insulin therapy","volume":"26","author":"Malone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1122","article-title":"Advancing insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes, previously treated with Glargine plus oral agents: prandial premixed (Lispro\/ILPS) vs. basal\/bolus (Glargine\/Lispro) therapy","volume":"31","author":"Rosenstock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2010.01287.x","article-title":"Prandial-basal insulin regimens plus oral antihyperglycaemic agents to improve mealtime glycaemia: initiate and progressively advance insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib54","first-page":"4","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2009.01.003","article-title":"Self-titration of biphasic insulin aspart 30\/70 improves glycaemic control and allows easy intensification in a Dutch clinical practice","volume":"3","author":"Ligthelm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Primary Care Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2009.02192.x","article-title":"Practical guidance on intensification of insulin therapy with BIAsp 30: a consensus statement","volume":"63","author":"Unnikrishnan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.2.260","article-title":"Initiating insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: a comparison of biphasic and basal insulin analogs","volume":"28","author":"Raskin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2008.02384.x","article-title":"Does serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol establish a relationship between improvements in HbA1c and postprandial glucose excursions?","volume":"25","author":"Moses","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680800200514","article-title":"The DURABLE trial study design: comparing the safety, efficacy, and durability of insulin glargine to insulin lispro mix 75\/25 added to oral antihyperglycemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Fahrbach","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.2337\/diaclin.23.2.78","article-title":"A real-world approach to insulin therapy in primary care practice","volume":"23","author":"Hirsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1701","article-title":"The DURAbility of Basal versus Lispro mix 75\/25 insulin Efficacy (DURABLE) trial: comparing the durability of lispro mix 75\/25 and glargine","volume":"34","author":"Buse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Clinical Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149291811006278?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149291811006278?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]],"date-time":"2023-06-10T20:09:51Z","timestamp":1686427791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0149291811006278"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0149291811006278"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-2918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-2918","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}}}