{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:56:35Z","timestamp":1790632595010,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]],"date-time":"2015-11-17T14:30:13Z","timestamp":1447770613000},"page":"2641-2650","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Perioperative Cognitive Protection\u2014Cognitive Exercise and Cognitive Reserve (The Neurobics Trial): A Single-blind Randomized Trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02053207","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02230605","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Humeidan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0245-5626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Otey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alix","family":"Zuleta-Alarcon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4122-8821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Mavarez-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8595-6893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoleta","family":"Stoicea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Bergese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib1","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200703000-00026","article-title":"Central nervous system dysfunction after noncardiac surgery and anesthesia in the elderly","volume":"106","author":"Silverstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-12-941","article-title":"Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium","volume":"113","author":"Inouye","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.13.2.229","article-title":"Validation of the Delirium Rating Scale-revised-98: comparison with the delirium rating scale and the cognitive test for delirium","volume":"13","author":"Trzepacz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2006.02.006","article-title":"Reliability of a structured assessment for nonclinicians to detect delirium among new admissions to postacute care","volume":"7","author":"Simon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20000615)88:12<2859::AID-CNCR29>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Clinical utility, factor analysis, and further validation of the memorial delirium assessment scale in patients with advanced cancer: assessing delirium in advanced cancer","volume":"88","author":"Lawlor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430050035004","article-title":"Postoperative delirium. A review of 80 primary data-collection studies","volume":"155","author":"Dyer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182147f6d","article-title":"Review articles: postoperative delirium: acute change with long-term implications","volume":"112","author":"Rudolph","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.42.1.68","article-title":"The cost of delirium in the surgical patient","volume":"42","author":"Franco","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)00026-X","article-title":"The effects of surgery and anesthesia on memory and cognition","volume":"169","author":"Caza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2006.01.044","article-title":"Detection of postoperative cognitive decline after coronary artery bypass graft surgery is affected by the number of neuropsychological tests in the assessment battery","volume":"81","author":"Lewis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e318215217e","article-title":"Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is independent of type of surgery and anesthetic","volume":"112","author":"Evered","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.11.1405","article-title":"Cognitive outcome after off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized trial","volume":"287","author":"Van Dijk","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000296071.19434.1e","article-title":"Predictors of cognitive dysfunction after major noncardiac surgery","volume":"108","author":"Monk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07382-0","article-title":"Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly ISPOCD1 study. ISPOCD investigators. International Study of Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction","volume":"351","author":"Moller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318195b569","article-title":"Long-term consequences of postoperative cognitive dysfunction","volume":"110","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-200405000-00013","article-title":"Postoperative cognitive function as an outcome of regional anesthesia and analgesia","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-101086","article-title":"The impact of general and regional anesthesia on the incidence of post-operative cognitive dysfunction and post-operative delirium: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Mason","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200112000-00029","article-title":"The recovery of cognitive function after general anesthesia in elderly patients: a comparison of desflurane and sevoflurane","volume":"93","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep369","article-title":"Comparison of early cognitive function and recovery after desflurane or sevoflurane anaesthesia in the elderly: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial","volume":"104","author":"R\u00f6rtgen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-12-170","article-title":"Early postoperative cognitive dysfunction and postoperative delirium after anaesthesia with various hypnotics: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial--the PINOCCHIO trial","volume":"12","author":"Bilotta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SLA.0000081085.98792.3d","article-title":"The Aging Population and Its Impact on the Surgery Workforce","volume":"238","author":"Etzioni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2001.49108.x","article-title":"Reducing delirium after hip fracture: a randomized trial","volume":"49","author":"Marcantonio","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2010.02232.x","article-title":"Reducing delirium in elderly patients with hip fracture: a multi-factorial intervention study","volume":"54","author":"Bj\u00f6rkelund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182376e4f","article-title":"Haloperidol prophylaxis decreases delirium incidence in elderly patients after noncardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial*","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53503.x","article-title":"Haloperidol prophylaxis for elderly hip-surgery patients at risk for delirium: a randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"53","author":"Kalisvaart","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00744.x","article-title":"Replicating the Hospital Elder Life Program in a community hospital and demonstrating effectiveness using quality improvement methodology","volume":"54","author":"Rubin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2011.05.004","article-title":"Modified hospital elder life program: effects on abdominal surgery patients","volume":"213","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31819b5ba6","article-title":"Measures of executive function and depression identify patients at risk for postoperative delirium","volume":"110","author":"Greene","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31819b5bc2","article-title":"Executive function and depression as independent risk factors for postoperative delirium","volume":"110","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e318211501b","article-title":"Cognitive and functional predictors and sequelae of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing elective joint arthroplasty","volume":"112","author":"Jankowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.7.3.273","article-title":"Brain reserve capacity on symptom onset after brain injury: A formulation and review of evidence for threshold theory","volume":"7","author":"Satz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)90157-0","article-title":"Association of education with incidence of cognitive impairment in three established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly","volume":"47","author":"White","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.04.014","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the accuracy of the mini-mental state examination in the detection of dementia and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"43","author":"Mitchell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.13060145","article-title":"Community Cognitive Screening Using the Self-Administered Gerocognitive Examination (SAGE)","volume":"26","author":"Scharre","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181d960a9","article-title":"Development and feasibility of a scale to assess postoperative recovery: the post-operative quality recovery scale","volume":"113","author":"Royse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.18.2271","article-title":"Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"288","author":"Ball","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12523","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605194103","article-title":"Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticity-based training program: a randomized, controlled study","volume":"103","author":"Mahncke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181953b57","article-title":"Can cognitive exercise prevent the onset of dementia? Systematic review of randomized clinical trials with longitudinal follow-up","volume":"17","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.6.742","article-title":"Participation in cognitively stimulating activities and risk of incident Alzheimer disease","volume":"287","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1037\/h0089431","article-title":"Play therapy with the elderly: a case study. A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville","volume":"8","author":"Ledyard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Play Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/494425a","article-title":"Brain training: Games to do you good","volume":"494","author":"Bavelier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-011-9384-y","article-title":"The benefits of cognitive training after a coronary artery bypass graft surgery","volume":"35","author":"de Tournay-Jett\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000697","article-title":"Impact of Preoperative Environmental Enrichment on Prevention of Development of Cognitive Impairment following Abdominal Surgery in a Rat Model","volume":"123","author":"Kawano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v2.i4.58","article-title":"Assessment scales for delirium: A review","volume":"2","author":"Sandeep","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.893359","article-title":"Preoperative Cognitive Intervention Reduces Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Patients after Gastrointestinal Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"21","author":"Saleh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000698","article-title":"Prehabilitation for Prevention of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction?","volume":"123","author":"Culley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"}],"container-title":["Clinical Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149291815011741?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149291815011741?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T13:20:38Z","timestamp":1537190438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0149291815011741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0149291815011741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.10.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-2918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-2918","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}}}