{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T07:38:54Z","timestamp":1792827534507,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","clinicaltherapeutics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]],"date-time":"2017-09-22T13:15:15Z","timestamp":1506086115000},"page":"2103-2108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Lack of Methemoglobin Elevations After Topical Applications of Benzocaine Alone or Benzocaine Plus Tetracaine to the Oral Mucosa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Steven","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Giannakopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Lowstetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey","family":"Secreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Hutcheson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John T.","family":"Farrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraldine","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elliot V.","family":"Hersh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toxic hemoglobinopathies in the emergency department","volume":"3","author":"King","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib2","first-page":"24","article-title":"Dental anesthesia management of methemoglobinemia-susceptible patients: A case report and review of literature","volume":"51","author":"Hall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Prog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200301023480122","article-title":"Methemoglobinemia and topical pharyngeal anesthesia","volume":"348","author":"Aepfelbacher","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200002000-00024","article-title":"Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia","volume":"90","author":"Nguyen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199506000-00015","article-title":"Methemoglobinemia: A complication after fiberoptic orotracheal intubation with benzocaine spray: A case report","volume":"77","author":"Ellis","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(01)00222-7","article-title":"Severe methemoglobinemia on re-exposure to benzocaine","volume":"13","author":"Udeh","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-200093010-00020","article-title":"Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia","volume":"93","author":"Gupta","year":"2000","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(94)70272-1","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of benzocaine-associated methemoglobinemia in human beings","volume":"24","author":"Guertler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809603001109","article-title":"Methemoglobinemia induced by an over-the-counter medication","volume":"30","author":"Tush","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809402800515","article-title":"Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia: Report of a severe reaction and review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1999.0306","article-title":"When patients become cyanotic: Acquired methemoglobinemia","volume":"130","author":"Wilburn-Goo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318187c4b1","article-title":"Methemoglobinemia related to local anesthetics: a summary of 242 episodes","volume":"108","author":"Guay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811421124","article-title":"Nasal tetracaine spray-induced methemoglobinemia","volume":"146","author":"Whited","year":"2012","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2005.08.006","article-title":"Methemoglobinemia and acute hemolysis after tetracaine lozenge use","volume":"21","author":"Lavergne","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bsd.0000204503.07096.bf","article-title":"Methemoglobinemia after fiberoptic intubation in a patient with an unstable cervical fracture: a case report","volume":"19","author":"Basra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib16","first-page":"940","article-title":"Methemoglobinemia: sudden dyspnea and oxyhemoglobin desaturation after esophagoduodenoscopy","volume":"49","author":"Lunenfeld","year":"2004","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200403000-00006","article-title":"The need for caution with topical anesthesia during endoscopic procedures, as liberal use may result in methemoglobinemia","volume":"38","author":"Byrne","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.19134a","article-title":"Cetacaine spray-induced methemoglobinemia after transesophageal echocardiography","volume":"34","author":"Gregory","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198810000-00029","article-title":"Cetacaine-induced acute methemoglobinemia","volume":"69","author":"Ferraro","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib20","unstructured":"Cetacaine\u00ae topical anesthetic. http:\/\/www.cetacaine.com\/dental\/about\/prescribing-information. Accessed July 12, 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2008.00231.x","article-title":"Intraoral topical anesthesia","volume":"46","author":"Meechan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Periodontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib22","unstructured":"Use of ozone-depleting substance. Federal Register. https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2016\/10\/26\/2016-25852\/use-of-ozone-depleting-substances. Accessed July 12, 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib23","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Phase-out of CFC metered-dose inhalers containing flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil - Questions and answers. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Drugs\/DrugSafety\/InformationbyDrugClass\/ucm208138.htm. Accessed July 13, 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib24","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. CPG Sec. 440.100 Marketed new drugs without approved NDAs and ANDAs. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/iceci\/compliancemanuals\/compliancepolicyguidancemanual\/ucm074382.htm. Accessed July 13, 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib25","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA continues to receive reports of a rare, but serious and potentially fatal adverse effect with the use of benzocaine sprays for medical procedures. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Drugs\/DrugSafety\/ucm250040.htm. Accessed July 13, 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2013.0154","article-title":"An evaluation of 10 percent and 20 percent benzocaine gels in patients with acute toothaches: Efficacy, tolerability and compliance with label dose administration directions","volume":"144","author":"Hersh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2012.0291","article-title":"The cardiovascular effects and pharmacokinetics of intranasal tetracaine plus oxymetazoline: Preliminary findings","volume":"143","author":"Giannakopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2015.12.008","article-title":"Double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of intranasal K305 (3% tetracaine plus 0.05% oxymetazoline) in anesthetizing maxillary teeth","volume":"147","author":"Hersh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib29","first-page":"697","article-title":"Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia","volume":"131","author":"Townes","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.10.024","article-title":"Reliability of Intraoral quantitative sensory testing","volume":"148","author":"Pigg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"}],"container-title":["Clinical Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149291817309384?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149291817309384?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T06:17:47Z","timestamp":1659507467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0149291817309384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0149291817309384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-2918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-2918","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Lack of Methemoglobin Elevations After Topical Applications of Benzocaine Alone or Benzocaine Plus Tetracaine to the Oral Mucosa","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Therapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.08.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}