{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T08:02:58Z","timestamp":1793347378341,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicaltherapeutics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T07:37:34Z","timestamp":1586158654000},"page":"e65-e73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Valproic Acid for the Management of Agitation and Delirium in the Intensive Care Setting: A Retrospective Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3918-7824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlin E.","family":"Crowley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7905-6060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay","family":"Urben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaspar","family":"Hacobian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2391-7482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krystina L.","family":"Geiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e825","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003299","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation\/sedation, delirium, immonility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU","volume":"46","author":"Devlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200904-0537OC","article-title":"Days of delirium are associated with 1-year mortality in an older intensive care unit population","volume":"180","author":"Pisani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1753","article-title":"Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit","volume":"291","author":"Ely","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-001-1132-2","article-title":"The impact of delirium in the intensive care unit on hospital length of stay","volume":"27","author":"Ely","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181e47be1","article-title":"Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness","volume":"38","author":"Girard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0399-8","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium","volume":"33","author":"Oiumet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318192fcf9","article-title":"Benzodiazepine and opioid use and the duration of ICU delirium in an older population","volume":"31","author":"Pisani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib8","first-page":"34","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for development of delirium in surgical and trauma intensive care unit patients","volume":"65","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02485.x","article-title":"An intervention integrated into daily clinical practice reduces the incidence of delirium during hospitalization in elderly patients","volume":"57","author":"Vidan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0806994","article-title":"Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk of sudden cardiac death","volume":"360","author":"Ray","year":"2009","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2015.09.008","article-title":"Valproic acid for treatment of hyperactive or mixed delirium: rationale and literature review","volume":"56","author":"Sher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"suppl 14","key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib12","first-page":"5","article-title":"The pathophysiology of agitation","author":"Lindenmayer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(94)90202-X","article-title":"Valproic acid suppresses the synaptic response mediated by NMDA receptors in rat amygdalar slices","volume":"33","author":"Gean","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(03)00270-3","article-title":"Valproate modifies spontaneous excitation and inhibition at cortical synapses in\u00a0vitro","volume":"45","author":"Cunningham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1980.tb04314.x","article-title":"Increase of human plasma GABA by sodium valproate","volume":"21","author":"Loscher","year":"1980","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00517-8","article-title":"Valproate and carbamazepine increase prefrontal dopamine release by 5-HT1 A receptor activation","volume":"380","author":"Ichikawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.04.081","article-title":"Effects of divalproex and atypical antipsychotic drugs on dopamine and acetylcholine efflux in rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex","volume":"1099","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.120188","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors exhibit anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in a rat permanent ischemic model of stroke: multiple mechanisms of action","volume":"321","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.09.006","article-title":"Valproate for agitation in critically ill patients: a retrospective study","volume":"37","author":"Gagnon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib20","article-title":"Successful treatment of Ureaplasma-induced hyperammonemia syndrome post-lung transplant","volume":"21","author":"Matson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib21","first-page":"284re3","article-title":"Dissemitated Ureaplasma infection as a cause of fatal hyperammonemia in humans","volume":"7","author":"Bharat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib22","series-title":"Valproic Acid [Package Insert]","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.17.2.232","article-title":"Adjunctive valproic acid for delirium and\/or agitation on consultation-liaison service: a report of six cases","volume":"17","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.14080190","article-title":"Adjunctive valproic acid in management of refractory hyperactive delirium: a case series and rationale","volume":"27","author":"Sher","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S133","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp150474","article-title":"Hospital delirium treatment: continuation of antipsychotic therapy from the intensive care unit to discharge","volume":"72","author":"Flurie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"}],"container-title":["Clinical Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149291820301090?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149291820301090?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T08:52:49Z","timestamp":1758963169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0149291820301090"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0149291820301090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-2918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-2918","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Valproic Acid for the Management of Agitation and Delirium in the Intensive Care Setting: A Retrospective Analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Therapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}