{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:25:05Z","timestamp":1790108705200,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","labmed.theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Laboratory Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,22]],"date-time":"2015-08-22T04:00:41Z","timestamp":1440216041000},"page":"847-865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Relapsing Fever Borreliae"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Sally J.","family":"Cutler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib1","series-title":"A\u00a0symposium on relapsing fever in the Americas","first-page":"7","article-title":"Obermeier","author":"Birkhaug","year":"1942"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib2","first-page":"129","article-title":"Louse-borne relapsing fever: a clinical and laboratory study of 62 cases in Ethiopia and a reconsideration of the literature","volume":"39","author":"Bryceson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Q\u00a0J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02819.x","article-title":"New concepts for the old challenge of African relapsing fever borreliosis","volume":"15","author":"Cutler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1924","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001924","article-title":"Endemic foci of the tick-borne relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia crocidurae in Mali, West Africa, and the potential for human infection","volume":"6","author":"Schwan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.2291.1453","article-title":"Tick fever","volume":"ii","author":"Ross","year":"1904","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib6","first-page":"1259","article-title":"The nature of tick fever in the eastern part of the Congo Free State","volume":"ii","author":"Dutton","year":"1905","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03545.x","article-title":"New World relapsing fever Borrelia found in Ornithodoros porcinus ticks in central Tanzania","volume":"48","author":"Mitani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00801-12","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of the spirochete Borrelia microti, a potential agent of relapsing fever in Iran","volume":"50","author":"Naddaf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2106.141715","article-title":"Tickborne relapsing fever in southern Iran, 2011\u20132013","volume":"21","author":"Naddaf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0177","article-title":"Characterization of a novel relapsing fever spirochete in the midgut, coxal fluid, and salivary glands of the bat tick Carios kelleyi","volume":"9","author":"Schwan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2602-2","article-title":"Novel relapsing fever Borrelia detected in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) admitted to two rehabilitation centers in South Africa","volume":"110","author":"Yabsley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1607.091085","article-title":"Population structure of East African relapsing fever Borrelia spp","volume":"16","author":"Cutler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-46-4-859","article-title":"Phylogenesis of relapsing fever Borrelia spp","volume":"46","author":"Ras","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000185","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000185","article-title":"The genome of Borrelia recurrentis, the agent of deadly louse-borne relapsing fever, is a degraded subset of tick-borne Borrelia duttonii","volume":"4","author":"Lescot","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3723","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00118-12","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of Borrelia crocidurae","volume":"194","author":"Elbir","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.50.4.381-400.1986","article-title":"Biology of Borrelia species","volume":"50","author":"Barbour","year":"1986","journal-title":"Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2010.02.011","article-title":"P66 porins are present in both Lyme disease and relapsing fever spirochetes: a comparison of the biophysical properties of P66 porins from six Borrelia species","volume":"1798","author":"B\u00e1rcena-Uribarri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7035","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00818-08","article-title":"Oms38 is the first identified pore-forming protein in the outer membrane of relapsing fever spirochetes","volume":"190","author":"Thein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bacteriol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36523","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036523","article-title":"DipA, a pore-forming protein in the outer membrane of Lyme disease spirochetes exhibits specificity for the permeation of dicarboxylates","volume":"7","author":"Thein","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01906.x","article-title":"Variable small protein (Vsp)-dependent and Vsp-independent pathways for glycosaminoglycan recognition by relapsing fever spirochaetes","volume":"36","author":"Magoun","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2848","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.091235","article-title":"Bacterial lipoproteins can disseminate from the periphery to inflame the brain","volume":"176","author":"Londo\u00f1o","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19280","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905470106","article-title":"Relapsing fever Borrelia binds to neolacto glycans and mediates rosetting of human erythrocytes","volume":"106","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U\u00a0S\u00a0A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1086\/315118","article-title":"Erythrocyte-aggregating relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia crocidurae induces formation of microemboli","volume":"180","author":"Shamaei-Tousi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3629","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00347-13","article-title":"Large linear plasmids of Borrelia species that cause relapsing fever","volume":"195","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1992.tb02198.x","article-title":"Subtelomeric expression regions of Borrelia hermsii linear plasmids are highly polymorphic","volume":"6","author":"Restrepo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-15-233","article-title":"BorreliaBase: a phylogeny-centered browser of Borrelia genomes","volume":"15","author":"Di","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1812.111237","article-title":"Borrelia, Rickettsia, and Ehrlichia species in bat ticks, France, 2010","volume":"18","author":"Socolovschi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib28","first-page":"473","article-title":"Detection of Rickettsia, Borrelia, and Bartonella in Carios kelleyi (Acari: argasidae)","volume":"42","author":"Loftis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-006-9012-7","article-title":"Borrelia, Coxiella, and Rickettsia in Carios capensis (Acari: Argasidae) from a brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) rookery in South Carolina, USA","volume":"39","author":"Reeves","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.06.003","article-title":"A\u00a0novel relapsing fever Borrelia sp. infects the salivary glands of the molted hard tick, Amblyomma geoemydae","volume":"3","author":"Takano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.01.007","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia theileri in Rhipicephalus geigyi from Mali","volume":"5","author":"McCoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.08.004","article-title":"Borrelia in Ethiopian ticks","volume":"3","author":"Cutler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0144","article-title":"A\u00a0hard tick relapsing fever group spirochete in a Brazilian Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus","volume":"7","author":"Yparraguirre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.03.009","article-title":"New Borrelia species detected in ixodid ticks in Oromia, Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"Kumsa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0874","article-title":"Detection of a new Borrelia species in ticks taken from cattle in southwest Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Mediannikov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.1.115","article-title":"Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) as hosts for Borrelia spp. in northern California","volume":"41","author":"Lane","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Wildl Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-38.1.187","article-title":"Fatal spirochetosis due to a relapsing fever-like Borrelia sp. in a northern spotted owl","volume":"38","author":"Thomas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Wildl Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1508.090475","article-title":"Fatal borreliosis in bat caused by relapsing fever spirochete, United Kingdom","volume":"15","author":"Evans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib39","first-page":"102","article-title":"Morbidity record in Africa for an unrecognized emergent disease","volume":"16","author":"Trape","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cahiers Sante"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000152373.07500.6e","article-title":"Ectoparasitism and vector-borne diseases in 930 homeless people from Marseilles","volume":"84","author":"Brouqui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e641","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000641","article-title":"Genotyping of human lice suggests multiple emergences of body lice from local head louse populations","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1618.1","article-title":"Geographic distributions and origins of human head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) based on mitochondrial data","volume":"94","author":"Light","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1905.121480","article-title":"Borrelia recurrentis in head lice, Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"Boutellis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00804.x","article-title":"Bartonella quintana in head louse nits","volume":"62","author":"Angelakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0845","article-title":"Bartonella quintana in head lice from S\u00e9n\u00e9gal","volume":"12","author":"Boutellis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2011.09.007","article-title":"Bartonella quintana in Ethiopian lice","volume":"35","author":"Cutler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1347","article-title":"Postexposure prophylaxis of tick-borne relapsing fever: lessons learned from recent outbreaks in Israel","volume":"13","author":"Moran-Gilad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549309008539","article-title":"Imported relapsing fever in European tourists","volume":"25","author":"Colebunders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1111.050616","article-title":"Imported tickborne relapsing fever, France","volume":"11","author":"Wyplosz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/22953337.1987.11719225","article-title":"Relapsing fever imported into Belgium: a case report","volume":"42","author":"Rummens","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Clin Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0187","article-title":"Case report: the first case of imported relapsing fever in Japan","volume":"89","author":"Kutsuna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0909.030280","article-title":"Tick-borne relapsing fever caused by Borrelia hermsii, Montana","volume":"9","author":"Schwan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.289","article-title":"The spread of tick-borne borreliosis in West Africa and its relationship to sub-Saharan drought","volume":"54","author":"Trape","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04598.x","article-title":"Relapsing fever - a forgotten disease revealed","volume":"108","author":"Cutler","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.060670","article-title":"Tickborne relapsing fever diagnosis obscured by malaria, Togo","volume":"13","author":"Nordstrand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1810","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001810","article-title":"Epidemiology of tick-borne borreliosis in Morocco","volume":"6","author":"Diatta","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01082-09","article-title":"Concomitant infection decreases the malaria burden but escalates relapsing fever borreliosis","volume":"78","author":"Lundqvist","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.100573","article-title":"Tick-borne relapsing fever borreliosis, rural Senegal","volume":"17","author":"Parola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1510.090403","article-title":"Borrelia hispanica relapsing fever, Morocco","volume":"15","author":"Sarih","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1507.090223","article-title":"Tick-borne relapsing fever and Borrelia hermsii, Los Angeles County, California, USA","volume":"15","author":"Schwan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.743","article-title":"An interstate outbreak of tick-borne relapsing fever among vacationers at a Rocky Mountain cabin","volume":"58","author":"Trevejo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X300887","article-title":"Results of a 10-year survey of louse-borne relapsing fever in southern Ethiopia: a decline in endemicity","volume":"102","author":"Ramos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02785.x","article-title":"Understanding tropism and immunopathological mechanisms of relapsing fever spirochaetes","volume":"15","author":"Cadavid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1086\/503367","article-title":"Residual brain infection in relapsing-fever borreliosis","volume":"193","author":"Cadavid","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7597","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007597","article-title":"Structure-function investigation of Vsp serotypes of the spirochete Borrelia hermsii","volume":"4","author":"Mehra","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3352","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.8.3352-3360.1997","article-title":"Immunologic and genetic analyses of VmpA of a neurotropic strain of Borrelia turicatae","volume":"65","author":"Cadavid","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6408","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00538-06","article-title":"Interaction of a neurotropic strain of Borrelia turicatae with the cerebral microcirculation system","volume":"74","author":"Sethi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.04.007","article-title":"Persistent brain infection and disease reactivation in relapsing fever borreliosis","volume":"8","author":"Larsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05177.x","article-title":"Antigenic variation by Borrelia hermsii occurs through recombination between extragenic repetitive elements on linear plasmids","volume":"60","author":"Dai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2008.02.003","article-title":"BhCRASP-1 of the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii is a factor H- and plasminogen-binding protein","volume":"298","author":"Rossmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4858","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004858","article-title":"Borrelia recurrentis employs a novel multifunctional surface protein with anti-complement, anti-opsonic and invasive potential to escape innate immunity","volume":"4","author":"Grosskinsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib72","first-page":"66","article-title":"Louse-borne relapsing fever. A clinical and an epidemiological study of 389 patients in Asella Hospital, Ethiopia","volume":"45","author":"Borgnolo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1993.11747641","article-title":"Louse-borne relapsing fever in Ethiopian children: a clinical study","volume":"13","author":"Borgnolo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1988.11812282","article-title":"Clinical presentation of louse-born relapsing fever among Ethiopian refugees in northern Somalia","volume":"82","author":"Brown","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.04.004","article-title":"Comparison of antibiotic regimens for treating louse-borne relapsing fever: a meta-analysis","volume":"105","author":"Guerrier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.175.5.1207","article-title":"Detection of plasma tumor necrosis factor, interleukins 6, and 8 during the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction of relapsing fever","volume":"175","author":"Negussie","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199608013350503","article-title":"Prevention of Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions by treatment with antibodies against tumor necrosis factor \u03b1","volume":"335","author":"Fekade","year":"1996","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2013.04.001","article-title":"The Jarisch\u2013Herxheimer reaction: revisited","volume":"11","author":"Belum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349709024361","article-title":"Tick-borne relapsing fever and pregnancy outcome in rural Tanzania","volume":"76","author":"Jongen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1123-1128.2004","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Borrelia hermsii associated with two foci of tick-borne relapsing fever in California","volume":"42","author":"Fritz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e522","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000522","article-title":"A\u00a0novel animal model of Borrelia recurrentis louse-borne relapsing fever borreliosis using immunodeficient mice","volume":"3","author":"Larsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib82","first-page":"521","article-title":"Isolation and cultivation of Lyme disease spirochetes","volume":"57","author":"Barbour","year":"1984","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-418","article-title":"The relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia miyamotoi is cultivable in a modified Kelly-Pettenkofer medium, and is resistant to human complement","volume":"7","author":"Wagemakers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib84","first-page":"52","article-title":"Cultivation of East African relapsing fever Borrelia and review of preceding events","volume":"7","author":"Cutler","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spirochetal Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-49-4-1793","article-title":"Successful in\u00a0vitro cultivation of Borrelia duttonii and its comparison with Borrelia recurrentis","volume":"49","author":"Cutler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-47-4-958","article-title":"Borrelia recurrentis characterization and comparison with relapsing fever, Lyme-associated, and other Borrelia spp","volume":"47","author":"Cutler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91032-4","article-title":"Successful in-vitro cultivation of Borrelia recurrentis","volume":"343","author":"Cutler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.10.2483-2492.1996","article-title":"GlpQ: an antigen for serological discrimination between relapsing fever and Lyme borreliosis","volume":"34","author":"Schwan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00518-09","article-title":"A\u00a0novel surface antigen of relapsing fever spirochetes can discriminate between relapsing fever and Lyme borreliosis","volume":"17","author":"Lopez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1089\/15303660160025949","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia duttonii, a tick-borne relapsing fever agent in central Tanzania, within ticks by flagellin gene-based nested polymerase chain reaction","volume":"1","author":"Fukunaga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1211.060715","article-title":"Molecular characterization of tickborne relapsing fever Borrelia, Israel","volume":"12","author":"Assous","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2042","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002042","article-title":"Multiplex real-time PCR diagnostic of relapsing fevers in Africa","volume":"7","author":"Elbir","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1652","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001652","article-title":"Multispacer sequence typing relapsing fever borreliae in Africa","volume":"6","author":"Elbir","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2984","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002984","article-title":"MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry detection of pathogens in vectors: the Borrelia crocidurae\/Ornithodoros sonrai paradigm","volume":"8","author":"Fotso Fotso","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)90998-1","article-title":"Spraying tick-infested houses with lambda-cyhalothrin reduces the incidence of tick-borne relapsing fever in children under five years old","volume":"92","author":"Talbert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.03.006","article-title":"Development of vaccines against Ornithodoros soft ticks: an update","volume":"6","author":"D\u00edaz-Mart\u00edn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.02.016","article-title":"Occurrence of pathogenic fungi to Amblyomma cajennense in a rural area of Central Brazil and their activities against vectors of Rocky Mountain spotted fever","volume":"188","author":"D'Alessandro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1603\/ME09116","article-title":"Occurrence of soil- and tick-borne fungi and related virulence tests for pathogenicity to Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"48","author":"Greengarten","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-3023-6","article-title":"Susceptibility of different life stages of Ornithodoros lahorensis to entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana","volume":"111","author":"Tavassoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02767.x","article-title":"Relapsing fever borreliosis in Eurasia - forgotten, but certainly not gone!","volume":"15","author":"Assous","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Laboratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272271215000943?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272271215000943?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T12:31:42Z","timestamp":1599481902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0272271215000943"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0272271215000943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-2712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-2712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Relapsing Fever Borreliae","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Laboratory Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}