{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:38:11Z","timestamp":1792597091227,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Laboratory Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:13:38Z","timestamp":1786493618000},"page":"743-754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Liver and Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Nicholas E.","family":"Heger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.12.007","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation","volume":"138","author":"Zanger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.017","article-title":"Global burden of liver disease: 2023 update","volume":"79","author":"Devarbhavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"4S","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib3","first-page":"S117","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"105","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/10600280241273191","article-title":"The acute kidney intervention and pharmacotherapy (AKIP) list: standardized list of medications that are renally eliminated and nephrotoxic in the acutely ill","volume":"59","author":"Barreto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13428","article-title":"Design and conduct considerations for studies in patients with hepatic impairment","volume":"16","author":"Ravenstijn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-023-01289-0","article-title":"Dose recommendations for common drugs in patients with liver cirrhosis: a systematic literature review","volume":"43","author":"Karsten Dafonte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Drug Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib10","series-title":"Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man","author":"Baselt","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00759-2","article-title":"Global epidemiology of cirrhosis - aetiology, trends and predictions","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199529050-00005","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations in patients with liver disease. An update","volume":"29","author":"Morgan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199937050-00004","article-title":"Effects of liver disease on pharmacokinetics. An update","volume":"37","author":"Rodighiero","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-008-0553-z","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustment in patients with hepatic dysfunction","volume":"64","author":"Verbeeck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200023337054","article-title":"The cytochrome P450 superfamily: biochemistry, evolution and drug metabolism in humans","volume":"3","author":"Danielson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metabol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2001.01389.x","article-title":"Influence of cirrhosis on lamotrigine pharmacokinetics","volume":"51","author":"Marcellin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1996.tb04209.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of oral mycophenolate mofetil in volunteer subjects with varying degrees of hepatic oxidative impairment","volume":"36","author":"Parker","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2133\/dmpk.23.87","article-title":"Intestinal first-pass metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates","volume":"23","author":"Kato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Metabol Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840030604","article-title":"Determinants of drug disposition in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"3","author":"Huet","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15990","article-title":"Effect of changes in metabolic enzymes and transporters on drug metabolism in the context of liver disease: impact on pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions","volume":"90","author":"Armani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-022-01119-0","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis affects the pharmacokinetics of the six substrates of the basel phenotyping cocktail differently","volume":"61","author":"Duthaler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707251","article-title":"Physiological and pathological changes in the redox state of human serum albumin critically influence its binding properties","volume":"151","author":"Oettl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-199608000-00015","article-title":"Drug metabolism in liver disease: implications for therapeutic drug monitoring","volume":"18","author":"Sonne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib24","article-title":"Hypoalbuminemia and pharmacokinetics: when the misunderstanding of a fundamental concept leads to repeated errors over decades","volume":"12","author":"Gandia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2006.05.006","article-title":"Liver disease selectively modulates cytochrome P450--mediated metabolism","volume":"80","author":"Frye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i3.1260","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic drug interactions in liver disease: an update","volume":"22","author":"Palatini","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.120951","article-title":"Grapefruit-medication interactions: forbidden fruit or avoidable consequences?","volume":"185","author":"Bailey","year":"2013","journal-title":"CMAJ (Can Med Assoc J)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2022.101584","article-title":"Tacrolimus, cyclosporine, and grapefruit: friends or foes?","volume":"72","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transpl Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.2005.25.7.1021","article-title":"Altered cytochrome p450 metabolism of calcineurin inhibitors: case report and review of the literature","volume":"25","author":"Formea","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1992.tb04089.x","article-title":"Autoinduction and steady-state pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine and its major metabolites","volume":"33","author":"Kudriakova","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2005.09.004","article-title":"In vitro cytochrome P450 inhibition data and the prediction of drug-drug interactions: qualitative relationships, quantitative predictions, and the rank-order approach","volume":"78","author":"Obach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-017-0506-8","article-title":"Renal drug transporters and drug interactions","volume":"56","author":"Ivanyuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.02.058","article-title":"The P-glycoprotein transport system and cardiovascular drugs","volume":"61","author":"Wessler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2002.01625.x","article-title":"Measurement of renal function during drug development","volume":"54","author":"Brater","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-120028740","article-title":"Position paper on urine alkalinization","volume":"42","author":"Proudfoot","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016020154","article-title":"The substantial loss of nephrons in healthy human kidneys with aging","volume":"28","author":"Denic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.70","article-title":"Hepatic clearance of drugs in patients with renal insufficiency","volume":"2","author":"Greenblatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006060610","article-title":"Hemodialysis acutely improves hepatic CYP3A4 metabolic activity","volume":"17","author":"Nolin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1586\/ecp.10.143","article-title":"Modeling and predicting drug pharmacokinetics in patients with renal impairment","volume":"4","author":"Rowland Yeo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib40","first-page":"23S","article-title":"Impact of glomerular kidney diseases on the clearance of drugs","volume":"52","author":"Joy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1347","article-title":"In vivo alterations in drug metabolism and transport pathways in patients with chronic kidney diseases","volume":"34","author":"Joy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2005.05.010","article-title":"Effects of renal failure on drug transport and metabolism","volume":"109","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.337","article-title":"Systematic and quantitative assessment of the effect of chronic kidney disease on CYP2D6 and CYP3A4\/5","volume":"100","author":"Yoshida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009010082","article-title":"ESRD impairs nonrenal clearance of fexofenadine but not midazolam","volume":"20","author":"Nolin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib45","first-page":"462","article-title":"Biliary pharmacokinetic profile of piperacillin: experimental data and evaluation in man","volume":"28","author":"Brogard","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.7.1437","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of meropenem and its metabolite in young and elderly healthy men","volume":"36","author":"Ljungberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00340118","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics in kidney disease: fundamental principles","volume":"13","author":"Lea-Henry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1975.tb02364.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of creatinine in man and its implications in the monitoring of renal function and in dosage regimen modifications in patients with renal insufficiency","volume":"15","author":"Chiou","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094615","article-title":"Biomarkers of acute kidney injury","volume":"48","author":"Vaidya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2014.01.015","article-title":"The influence of acute kidney injury on antimicrobial dosing in critically ill patients: are dose reductions always necessary?","volume":"79","author":"Blot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05150418","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics in kidney disease: application to rational design of dosing regimens","volume":"13","author":"Roberts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Laboratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272271226000727?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272271226000727?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:40:02Z","timestamp":1792593602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0272271226000727"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0272271226000727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-2712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-2712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Liver and Kidney Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Laboratory Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cll.2026.07.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}