{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T07:26:43Z","timestamp":1788852403827,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalnutritionespen.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Nutrition ESPEN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T04:08:48Z","timestamp":1745899728000},"page":"198-205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on the performance of endurance athletes: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6805-4214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandra Caline","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crislane","family":"de Moura Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayane Carvalho","family":"de Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valmir Oliveira","family":"Silvino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos Antonio Pereira","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"de Castro Amorim Serpa Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-10-19-5108","article-title":"Sports nutrition for the recreational athlete","volume":"49","author":"Desbrow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust J Gen Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1590\/1517-86922015210201933","article-title":"O uso do carboidrato antes da atividade f\u00edsica como recurso ergog\u00eanico: Revis\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica","volume":"21","author":"Fontan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Bras Med do Esporte"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Carbohydrate mouth rinse: performance effects and mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Jeukendrup","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sport Sci Exch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib4","series-title":"Exercise physiology: theory and application to fitness and performance","author":"Powers","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v11i15.37375","article-title":"Carboidratos na refei\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e9-treino e sua rela\u00e7\u00e3o com performance f\u00edsica e esportiva: uma revis\u00e3o integrativa","volume":"11","author":"Gomes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res Soc Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-018-0242-y","article-title":"ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: Research & recommendations","volume":"15","author":"Kerksick","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib7","series-title":"Sport nutrition","author":"Jeukendrup","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/905612","article-title":"Interaction among skeletal muscle metabolic energy systems during intense exercise","volume":"2010","author":"Baker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nutr Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbce.2016.01.007","article-title":"Diet high in complex carbohydrates minimizes necessity for supplementation during rugby training game: focus on immune system","volume":"39","author":"C\u00e2ndido","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ci\u00eancias Do Esporte"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib10","first-page":"340","article-title":"Suplementa\u00e7\u00e3o De Carboidratos E Aumento De Rendimento Em Corredores De Endurance","volume":"4","author":"Santos dos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Multidiscip Em Sa\u00fade"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-019-0312-9","article-title":"International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing","volume":"16","author":"Tiller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan \u2014 a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(95)00134-4","article-title":"Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary?","volume":"17","author":"Jadad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib15","series-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4","author":"Higgins","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182606cec","article-title":"Effects of a carbohydrate -, protein -, and ribose-containing repletion drink during 8 weeks of endurance training on aerobic capacity, endurance performance, and body composition","volume":"26","author":"Cramer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Strength Condit Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2014-0134","article-title":"The ingestion of 39 or 64 g\u00b7hr-1 of carbohydrate is equally effective at improving endurance exercise performance in cyclists","volume":"25","author":"Newell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3340-z","article-title":"Impact of intensified training and carbohydrate supplementation on immunity and markers of overreaching in highly trained cyclists","volume":"116","author":"Svendsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.12.013","article-title":"The effect of different post-exercise beverages with food on ad libitum fluid recovery, nutrient provision, and subsequent athletic performance","volume":"201","author":"McCartney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.11.027","article-title":"The effect of 1,3-butanediol and carbohydrate supplementation on running performance","volume":"22","author":"Scott","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072094","article-title":"Effects of 120 vs. 60 and 90 g\/h carbohydrate intake during a trail marathon on neuromuscular function and high intensity run capacity recovery","volume":"12","author":"Urdampilleta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051367","article-title":"Effects of 120 g\/h of carbohydrates intake during a mountain marathon on exercise-induced muscle damage in elite runners","volume":"12","author":"Viribay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124391","article-title":"Comparing acute, high dietary protein and carbohydrate intake on transcriptional biomarkers, fuel utilisation and exercise performance in trained male runners","volume":"13","author":"Furber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091776","article-title":"Effects of trehalose solutions at different concentrations on high-intensity intermittent exercise performance","volume":"14","author":"Hamada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib25","article-title":"Glucose and fructose supplementation and their acute effects on anaerobic endurance and resistance exercise performance in healthy individuals: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial","volume":"14","author":"Eckstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-023-05168-6","article-title":"Effects of protein\u2013carbohydrate vs. carbohydrate alone supplementation on immune inflammation markers in endurance athletes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"123","author":"Moreno-P\u00e9rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14364","article-title":"Similar performance after intake of carbohydrate plus whey protein and carbohydrate only in the early phase after non-exhaustive cycling","volume":"33","author":"Sollie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099027","article-title":"IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete","volume":"52","author":"Maughan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib29","series-title":"Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o na pr\u00e1tica esportiva","author":"Muttoni","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0251-4","article-title":"Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise","volume":"2","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071948","article-title":"Nutrient timing: a garage door of opportunity?","volume":"12","author":"Arent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2019-0065","article-title":"International Association of Athletics federations Consensus statement 2019: nutrition for athletics","volume":"29","author":"Burke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib33","series-title":"Indicadores Bioqu\u00edmicos para Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de Atletas. Biesek, S.; Alves, L.A.; Guerr. I. Estrat\u00e9gias Nutr. e Supl. no Esporte","author":"Koury","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0079-0","article-title":"The use of carbohydrates during exercise as an ergogenic aid","volume":"43","author":"Cermak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib35","article-title":"Performance enhancement by carbohydrate intake during sport: effects of carbohydrates during and after high-intensity exercise","volume":"159","author":"Beelen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib36","series-title":"Suplementa\u00e7\u00e3o nutricional no esporte","author":"Lancha","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-017-0177-8","article-title":"International Society of Sports nutrition position stand: protein and exercise","volume":"14","author":"J\u00e4ger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0148-z","article-title":"A step towards personalized sports nutrition: carbohydrate intake during exercise","volume":"44","author":"Jeukendrup","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Clinical Nutrition ESPEN"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S240545772500289X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S240545772500289X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T15:27:09Z","timestamp":1752766029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S240545772500289X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S240545772500289X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-4577"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-4577","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on the performance of endurance athletes: A systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Nutrition ESPEN","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.04.021","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}