{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T03:59:23Z","timestamp":1793851163452,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020971","name":"University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020971","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalnutritionespen.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Nutrition ESPEN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T23:35:25Z","timestamp":1781912125000},"page":"103420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prevalence and spatial distribution of highly processed food in a population-based study and associations with socioeconomic and health factors"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5910-9025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxane","family":"Dumont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9","family":"Fellay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"De Ridder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Schrempft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Baysson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Joost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Stringhini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idris","family":"Guessous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayssam","family":"Nehme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-018-0020-x","article-title":"Addressing the sugar, salt, and fat issue the science of food way","volume":"2","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"npj Sci Food"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018003762","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them","volume":"22","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2024.2317877","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption and human health: an umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses","volume":"65","author":"Barbaresko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib4","first-page":"1386","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and human health: an umbrella review and updated meta-analyses of observational evidence","volume":"43","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009005291","article-title":"Nutrition and health. The issue is not food, nor nutrients, so much as processing","volume":"12","author":"Monteiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-021-01240-6","article-title":"Integrative development of a short screening questionnaire of highly processed food consumption (sQ-HPF)","volume":"19","author":"Martinez-Perez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Activ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.08.016","article-title":"\u2018Eating addiction\u2019, rather than \u2018food addiction\u2019, better captures addictive-like eating behavior","volume":"47","author":"Hebebrand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082778","article-title":"A systematic review of worldwide consumption of ultra-processed foods: findings and criticisms","volume":"13","author":"Marino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70381-X","article-title":"Dietary quality among men and women in 187 countries in 1990 and 2010: a systematic assessment","volume":"3","author":"Imamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214486","article-title":"Description of ultra-processed food intake in a Swiss population-based sample of adults aged 18 to 75 years","volume":"14","author":"Bertoni Maluf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.0634","article-title":"Association of food deserts and food swamps with obesity-related cancer mortality in the US","volume":"9","author":"Bevel","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-019-0102-0","article-title":"Overlapping spatial clusters of sugar-sweetened beverage intake and body mass index in Geneva state, Switzerland","volume":"9","author":"Joost","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.117926","article-title":"Local-scale deprivation is associated with the spatial distribution of poor diet quality in adults: a cross-sectional population-based study in Switzerland","volume":"374","author":"Santa-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.07.029","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in intakes of ultraprocessed and minimally processed foods in nationally representative samples of adults in Canada: an analysis of trends between 2004 and 2015","volume":"154","author":"Pozveh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422423000240","article-title":"Who consumes ultra-processed food? A systematic review of sociodemographic determinants of ultra-processed food consumption from nationally representative samples","volume":"37","author":"Dicken","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpw137","article-title":"Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and the Incidence of Hypertension in a Mediterranean Cohort: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra Project","volume":"30","author":"Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib17","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of ultra-processed food in obesity","volume":"14","author":"Juul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.12.018","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption and type 2 diabetes incidence: a prospective cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Levy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3225","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980022001586","article-title":"Cross-sectional examination of ultra-processed food consumption and adverse mental health symptoms","volume":"25","author":"Hecht","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-022-09711-2","article-title":"Dissecting ultra-processed foods and drinks: do they have a potential to impact the brain?","volume":"23","author":"Contreras-Rodriguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2508694","article-title":"Ultraprocessed food on an ultrafast track","volume":"393","author":"Ludwig","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01099-1","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods: how functional is the NOVA system?","volume":"76","author":"Braesco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2011.00314.x","article-title":"Food frequency questionnaires: simple and cheap, but are they valid?","volume":"7","author":"Hackett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib24","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods: yet another wake-up call","volume":"13","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055515","article-title":"Specchio-COVID19 cohort study: a longitudinal follow-up of SARS-CoV-2 serosurvey participants in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland","volume":"12","author":"Baysson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.144998","article-title":"Twenty-year trends in dietary patterns in French-speaking Switzerland: toward healthier eating","volume":"106","author":"Marques-Vidal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pathways linking BMI trajectories and mental health in an adult population-based cohort: role of emotional eating and body dissatisfaction","author":"Schrempft","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01525-y","article-title":"A contribution to the French validation of the clinical anxiety scale amongst health care workers in Switzerland","volume":"12","author":"Apostolova","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.023531","article-title":"Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 1)","volume":"60","author":"Galobardes","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v4i0.19298","article-title":"Validation of the French version of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index addendum for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"4","author":"Ait-Aoudia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib33","first-page":"483","article-title":"Advancing health equity through 15-min cities and chrono-urbanism","volume":"101","author":"Rojas-Rueda","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Urban Health Bull N Y Acad Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v039.i01","article-title":"Sparr: analyzing spatial relative risk using fixed and adaptive kernel density estimation in R","volume":"39","author":"Davies","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Software"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13126","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and the nutrition transition: global, regional and national trends, food systems transformations and political economy drivers","volume":"21","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes Rev Off J Int Assoc Study Obes"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.201400513","article-title":"Intake and sources of dietary fatty acids in Europe: are current population intakes of fats aligned with dietary recommendations?","volume":"117","author":"Eilander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Lipid Sci Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22060897","article-title":"The role of food consumption in the global syndemic: a scoping review and conceptual model","volume":"22","author":"Garrido","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-020-00672-x","article-title":"Gender differences in healthy and unhealthy food consumption and its relationship with depression in young adulthood","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2009.02.004","article-title":"Observed sex differences in fast-food consumption and nutrition self-assessments and beliefs of college students","volume":"29","author":"Morse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2023.09.006","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption and children and adolescents' health","volume":"100","author":"Mescoloto","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib42","first-page":"255","article-title":"Stress and eating behaviors","volume":"38","author":"Yau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib43","article-title":"Unhealthy food and psychological stress: the association between ultra-processed food consumption and perceived stress in working-class young adults","volume":"18","author":"Lopes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/children10050804","article-title":"Ultra-processed food, reward system and childhood obesity","volume":"10","author":"Calcaterra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib45","article-title":"Intake of ultra-processed foods and sleep-related outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"Delpino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr Burbank Los Angel Cty Calif"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.7289","article-title":"Association between ultraprocessed food consumption and risk of mortality among middle-aged adults in France","volume":"179","author":"Schnabel","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076058","article-title":"Food additive emulsifiers and risk of cardiovascular disease in the NutriNet-Sant\u00e9 cohort: prospective cohort study","volume":"382","author":"Sellem","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030504","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption and depressive symptoms in a mediterranean cohort","volume":"15","author":"Godos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0237-8","article-title":"Healthy dietary indices and risk of depressive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"24","author":"Lassale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-025-00662-z","article-title":"The association between community food environments and health outcomes in high-income countries: a systematic literature review","volume":"14","author":"Gebremariam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib51","series-title":"Public health response to ultra-processed food and drinks","author":"Adams","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2025.115191","article-title":"What do you want to hear? A self-presentation view of social desirability bias","volume":"189","author":"Alexander","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Bus Res"}],"container-title":["Clinical Nutrition ESPEN"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405457726005176?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405457726005176?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:26:33Z","timestamp":1790018793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405457726005176"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S2405457726005176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-4577"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-4577","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prevalence and spatial distribution of highly processed food in a population-based study and associations with socioeconomic and health factors","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Nutrition ESPEN","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103420","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103420"}}