{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:09:57Z","timestamp":1790021397353,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.12954.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.12954.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalnutritionespen.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Nutrition ESPEN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T15:30:06Z","timestamp":1787153406000},"page":"105037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Food intake sequence affects postprandial metabolic, hormonal, and appetite responses in healthy male football players: A randomised crossover trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2580-7479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Giro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina P.","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catarina B.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Rebelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talita M.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitor H.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3841-z","article-title":"Meal sequence and glucose excursion, gastric emptying and incretin secretion in type 2 diabetes: a randomised, controlled crossover, exploratory trial","volume":"59","author":"Kuwata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.04.001","article-title":"Postprandial glucose, insulin and incretin responses differ by test meal macronutrient ingestion sequence (PATTERN study)","volume":"39","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051174","article-title":"Eating vegetables first regardless of eating speed has a significant reducing effect on postprandial blood glucose and insulin in young healthy women: randomized controlled cross-over study","volume":"15","author":"Imai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1093\/bbb\/zbad085","article-title":"Ingestion of vegetable salads before rice inhibits the increase in postprandial serum glucose levels in healthy subjects","volume":"87","author":"Tanaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosci Biotechnol Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-1059-y","article-title":"Impact of preloading either dairy or soy milk on postprandial glycemia, insulinemia and gastric emptying in healthy adults","volume":"56","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2014","article-title":"Ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36): secretory controls and physiological roles in eating and glycemia in health, obesity, and after RYGB","volume":"97","author":"Steinert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.02.014","article-title":"Glycemic variability assessed using continuous glucose monitoring in individuals without diabetes and associations with cardiometabolic risk markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Hjort","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib8","article-title":"Glycated haemoglobin A1c as a risk factor of cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality in diabetic and non-diabetic populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Cavero-Redondo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00383-x","article-title":"Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals","volume":"3","author":"Wyatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0518-9","article-title":"Does habitual physical activity increase the sensitivity of the appetite control system? A systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib11","first-page":"543","article-title":"American college of sports medicine joint position statement. Nutrition and athletic performance","volume":"48","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204323","article-title":"Dietary habits of elite soccer players: variations according to competitive level, playing position and sex","volume":"15","author":"Sebasti\u00e1-Rico","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux003","article-title":"Effect of pre-exercise carbohydrate diets with high vs low glycemic index on exercise performance: a meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Heung-Sang Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib14","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 statement: extension to randomised crossover trials","volume":"366","author":"Dwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2244","article-title":"Effect of food order on ghrelin suppression","volume":"41","author":"Shukla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.21972","article-title":"World medical association declaration of helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human participants","volume":"333","author":"Association","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0451","article-title":"Defining training and performance caliber: a participant classification framework","volume":"17","author":"McKay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib18","first-page":"S27","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in Diabetes\u20142025","volume":"48","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.15.1617","article-title":"The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering: prevalence and correlates of 2 phenotypes among the US population (NHANES 1999-2004)","volume":"168","author":"Wildman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002843","article-title":"2021 European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for office and out-of-office blood pressure measurement","volume":"39","author":"Stergiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib21","series-title":"International standards for anthropometric assessment","author":"Marfell-Jones","year":"2012"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101961","article-title":"UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Current evidence to inform practical recommendations and guide future research","volume":"55","author":"Collins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000314","article-title":"Validity of 24-h physical activity recall: physical activity measurement survey","volume":"46","author":"Welk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2023.10.010","article-title":"2024 adult compendium of physical activities: a third update of the energy costs of human activities","volume":"13","author":"Herrmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR2005100","article-title":"Glycaemic index methodology","volume":"18","author":"Brouns","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801083","article-title":"Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies","volume":"24","author":"Flint","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-001067","article-title":"System accuracy evaluation of 18 CE-marked current-generation blood glucose monitoring systems based on EN ISO 15197:2015","volume":"8","author":"Pleus","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121313","article-title":"Validity of dietary assessment in athletes: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Capling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib29","series-title":"Inqu\u00e9rito Alimentar Nacional e de Atividade F\u00edsica, IAN-AF 2015-2016: manual Fotogr\u00e1fico de Quantifica\u00e7\u00e3o de Alimentos","author":"Torres","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib30","series-title":"Plataforma Portuguesa de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o Alimentar","article-title":"Tabela da Composi\u00e7\u00e3o de Alimentos. 5.0","author":"Oliveira","year":"2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2020-0150","article-title":"A tool to explore discrete-time data: the time series response analyser","volume":"30","author":"Narang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metabol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.05.012","article-title":"Whey protein premeal lowers postprandial glucose concentrations in adults compared with water-the effect of timing, dose, and metabolic status: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Smedegaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.5.1246","article-title":"Glycemia and insulinemia in healthy subjects after lactose-equivalent meals of milk and other food proteins: the role of plasma amino acids and incretins","volume":"80","author":"Nilsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2025.102118","article-title":"Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)","volume":"95","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Metabol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3710-9","article-title":"Mechanisms through which a small protein and lipid preload improves glucose tolerance","volume":"58","author":"Trico","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E504","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00099.2005","article-title":"Initially more rapid small intestinal glucose delivery increases plasma insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 but does not improve overall glycemia in healthy subjects","volume":"289","author":"Chaikomin","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-025-01866-7","article-title":"The mixed-meal tolerance test as an appetite assay: methodological and practical considerations","volume":"49","author":"King","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.07.011","article-title":"Endogenous ghrelin levels and perception of hunger: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Anderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01518-6","article-title":"Ghrelin response to acute and chronic exercise: insights and implications from a systematic review of the literature","volume":"51","author":"Ouerghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.097618","article-title":"Homeostatic and hedonic signals interact in the regulation of food intake","volume":"139","author":"Lutter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2021.73","article-title":"Fasting, non-fasting and postprandial triglycerides for screening cardiometabolic risk","volume":"10","author":"Keirns","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/49.3.443","article-title":"Postprandial lipemia and chylomicron clearance in athletes and in sedentary men","volume":"49","author":"Cohen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G365","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90591.2008","article-title":"Brief oral stimulation, but especially oral fat exposure, elevates serum triglycerides in humans","volume":"296","author":"Mattes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711450774268X","article-title":"Dietary, physiological, genetic and pathological influences on postprandial lipid metabolism","volume":"98","author":"Lopez-Miranda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05975-2","article-title":"Multiple secondary outcome analyses: precise interpretation is important","volume":"23","author":"Parker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials"}],"container-title":["Clinical Nutrition ESPEN"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405457726021340?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405457726021340?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:30:48Z","timestamp":1790019048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405457726021340"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S2405457726021340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-4577"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-4577","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Food intake sequence affects postprandial metabolic, hormonal, and appetite responses in healthy male football players: A randomised crossover trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Nutrition ESPEN","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.105037","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105037"}}