{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T11:07:48Z","timestamp":1791025668239,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,22]],"date-time":"2013-01-22T17:45:16Z","timestamp":1358876716000},"page":"319-324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["A new look at an old drug for the treatment of cancer cachexia: Megestrol acetate"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Josep M.","family":"Argil\u00e9s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Anguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britta","family":"Stemmler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.06.013","article-title":"Cachexia: a new definition","volume":"27","author":"Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1128(199709)17:5<477::AID-MED3>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"The metabolic basis of cancer cachexia","volume":"17","author":"Argil\u00e9s","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-193211000-00002","article-title":"The immediate cause of death in cancer","volume":"184","author":"Warren","year":"1932","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(05)80001-3","article-title":"Prognostic effect of weight loss prior to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group","volume":"69","author":"Dewys","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2010.02.004","article-title":"Consensus on cachexia definitions","volume":"11","author":"Argil\u00e9s","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.12.004","article-title":"Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) \u201ccachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases\u201d and \u201cnutrition in geriatrics\u201d","volume":"29","author":"Muscaritoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7","article-title":"Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus","volume":"12","author":"Fearon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"1 Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1016\/0899-9007(95)00067-4","article-title":"Definition of standardized nutritional assessment and interventional pathways in oncology","volume":"12","author":"Ottery","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-006-0070-5","article-title":"Validity of the malnutrition screening tool as an effective predictor of nutritional risk in oncology outpatients receiving chemotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Isenring","year":"2006","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-011-0027-5","article-title":"The cachexia score (CASCO): a new tool for staging cachectic cancer patients","volume":"2","author":"Argil\u00e9s","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2007.10.008","article-title":"Novel approaches to the treatment of cachexia","volume":"13","author":"Argil\u00e9s","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-012-0064-8","article-title":"Is there a genetic cause of appetite loss? An explorative study in 1853 cancer patients","volume":"95","author":"Solheim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8588(18)30460-X","article-title":"Nutritional support and cancer cachexia. Evolving concepts of mechanisms and adjunctive therapies","volume":"5","author":"Ng","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0b013e3283311d09","article-title":"The role of cytokines in cancer cachexia","volume":"3","author":"Argil\u00e9s","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Support Palliat Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib15","series-title":"Muscle plasticity \u2013 advances in physiological research","first-page":"195","article-title":"The role of uncoupling proteins in pathophysiological states","author":"Argil\u00e9s","year":"2009"},{"issue":"579","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2004.12.050","article-title":"Activation of UCPs gene expression in skeletal muscle can be independent on both circulating fatty acids and food intake. Involvement of ROS in a model of mouse cancer cachexia","volume":"31","author":"Busquets","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5640\/insc.01011","article-title":"Effects of formoterol on muscle regeneration in cancer cachexia","volume":"1","author":"Ametller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Insciences J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.11.10.9271359","article-title":"Journey from cachexia to obesity by TNF","volume":"10","author":"Argil\u00e9s","year":"1997","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-009-0082-1","article-title":"Usage of megestrol acetate in the treatment of\u00a0anorexia-cachexia syndrome in the elderly","volume":"13","author":"Yeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(98)00219-6","article-title":"Megestrol acetate for anorexia in patients with far-advanced cancer: a double-blind controlled clinical trial","volume":"34","author":"De Conno","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib21","first-page":"74","article-title":"Effectiveness of megestrol acetate in patients with advanced cancer: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study","volume":"2","author":"Bruera","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1993.11.4.762","article-title":"Phase III evaluation of four doses of megestrol acetate as therapy for patients with cancer anorexia and\/or cachexia","volume":"11","author":"Loprinzi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19900915)66:6<1279::AID-CNCR2820660630>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"A\u00a0controlled trial of megestrol acetate on appetite, caloric intake, nutritional status, and other symptoms in patients with advanced cancer","volume":"66","author":"Bruera","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000227411","article-title":"Randomized trials of megestrol acetate for AIDS-associated anorexia and cachexia","volume":"51","author":"Von Roenn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1097\/00000421-199210000-00008","article-title":"Usefulness of megestrol acetate in cancer cachexia and anorexia","volume":"15","author":"Feliu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(94)90229-1","article-title":"Megestrol acetate stimulates food and water intake in the rat: effects on regional hypothalamic neuropeptide Y concentrations","volume":"265","author":"McCarthy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-121-6-199409150-00001","article-title":"Megestrol acetate in patients with AIDS-related cachexia","volume":"121","author":"Von Roenn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1993.11.1.152","article-title":"Body-composition changes in patients who gain weight while receiving megestrol acetate","volume":"11","author":"Loprinzi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib29","first-page":"657","article-title":"The effect of megestrol acetate on anorexia, weight loss and cachexia in cancer and AIDS patients","volume":"17","author":"Strang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.10.3299","article-title":"Randomized comparison of megestrol acetate versus dexamethasone versus fluoxymesterone for the treatment of cancer anorexia\/cachexia","volume":"17","author":"Loprinzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.06.024","article-title":"An eicosapentaenoic acid supplement versus megestrol acetate versus both for patients with cancer-associated wasting: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group and National Cancer Institute of Canada collaborative effort","volume":"22","author":"Jatoi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.2.567","article-title":"Dronabinol versus megestrol acetate versus combination therapy for cancer-associated anorexia: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group study","volume":"20","author":"Jatoi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2003.09.007","article-title":"Systematic review of megestrol acetate in the treatment of anorexia\u2013cachexia syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Pascual L\u00f3pez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.510","article-title":"Effects of megestrol acetate in patients with cancer anorexia\u2013cachexia syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Le\u015bniak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pol Arch Med Wewn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004310.pub2","article-title":"Megestrol acetate for the treatment of anorexia\u2013cachexia syndrome","author":"Berenstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(01)02782-1","article-title":"Supportive use of megestrol acetate (Megace) with head\/neck and lung cancer\u00a0patients receiving radiation therapy","volume":"52","author":"McQuellon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1997.463","article-title":"A\u00a0pilot study of megestrol acetate and ibuprofen in the treatment of cachexia in gastrointestinal cancer patients","volume":"76","author":"McMillan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2011.10.005","article-title":"Randomized phase III clinical trial of a combined treatment with carnitine\u00a0+\u00a0celecoxib\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0megestrol acetate for patients with cancer-related anorexia\/cachexia syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Madeddu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2011.12.435","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized phase III clinical trial of a combined treatment for cachexia in patients with gynecological cancers: evaluating the impact on metabolic and inflammatory profiles and quality of life","volume":"124","author":"Macci\u00f2","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp020880","article-title":"Residual Ca2+ channel current modulation by megestrol acetate via a G-protein alpha s-subunit in rat hypothalamic neurones","volume":"487","author":"Costa","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(96)00486-8","article-title":"Medroxyprogesterone acetate reduces the in\u00a0vitro production of cytokines and serotonin involved in anorexia\/cachexia and emesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of cancer patients","volume":"33","author":"Mantovani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevOncog.v9.i2.10","article-title":"Cytokine involvement in cancer anorexia\/cachexia: role of megestrol acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate on cytokine downregulation and improvement of clinical symptoms","volume":"9","author":"Mantovani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.8.M855","article-title":"Effects of megestrol acetate on circulating interleukin-15 and interleukin-18 concentrations in healthy elderly men","volume":"59","author":"Lambert","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E191","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90506.2008","article-title":"Oversecretion of interleukin-15 from skeletal muscle reduces adiposity","volume":"296","author":"Quinn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib45","first-page":"76","article-title":"Megestrol acetate-induced differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes in\u00a0vitro","volume":"15","author":"Hamburger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2010.06.003","article-title":"Megestrol acetate: its impact on muscle protein metabolism supports its use in cancer cachexia","volume":"29","author":"Busquets","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib47","first-page":"135","article-title":"Megestrol acetate treatment influences tissue amino acid uptake and incorporation during cancer cachexia","volume":"7","author":"Marmonti","year":"2012","journal-title":"e-Espen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.10097","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids: a role in skeletal muscle proteolysis in catabolic states?","volume":"191","author":"Busquets","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1996.297","article-title":"Prospective randomised trial of two dose levels of megestrol acetate in the management of anorexia-cachexia syndrome in patients with metastatic cancer","volume":"73","author":"Gebbia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/00000421-199808000-00006","article-title":"Anticachectic efficacy of megestrol acetate at different doses and versus placebo in patients with neoplastic cachexia","volume":"21","author":"Vadell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib51","first-page":"227","article-title":"Palliative treatment of cancer anorexia with oral suspension of megestrol acetate","volume":"50","author":"Tomiska","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neoplasma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28608E","article-title":"Update on clinical trials of growth factors and anabolic steroids in cachexia and wasting","volume":"91","author":"Gullet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(99)00007-6","article-title":"Thrombotic events associated with megestrol acetate in patients with AIDS cachexia","volume":"15","author":"Koller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.01010.x","article-title":"Effects of muscle strength training and megestrol acetate on strength, muscle mass and function in frail older people","volume":"55","author":"Sullivan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S7101","article-title":"Optimal management of cancer anorexia\u2013cachexia syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Argil\u00e9s","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res"}],"container-title":["Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0261561413000289?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0261561413000289?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T18:06:59Z","timestamp":1745950019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0261561413000289"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0261561413000289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.01.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0261-5614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0261-5614","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}}}