{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:03:19Z","timestamp":1790128999533,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalnutritionjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T05:09:04Z","timestamp":1614316144000},"page":"1467-1474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Impact of dietary protein intake on the incidence of low muscle strength in middle-aged and older adults"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Ha-Na","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se-Hong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Mi","family":"Eun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9087-5019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Wook","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02566.x","article-title":"Defining sarcopenia in terms of risk of physical limitations: a 5-year follow-up study of 3,153 Chinese men and women","volume":"57","author":"Woo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13935","article-title":"Health-related quality of life and fall risk associated with age-related body composition changes; sarcopenia, obesity and sarcopenic obesity","volume":"48","author":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.167","article-title":"Association between body composition and pulmonary function in elderly people: the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging","volume":"19","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2011.07.005","article-title":"Association between muscle strength and metabolic syndrome in older Korean men and women: the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging","volume":"61","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib5","first-page":"275","article-title":"Reducing fall risk in the elderly: risk factors and fall prevention, a systematic review","volume":"105","author":"Pfortmueller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Minerva Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-04828-0","article-title":"The relationship between sarcopenia and fragility fracture \u2013 a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01259.x","article-title":"Frailty in older men: prevalence, progression, and relationship with mortality","volume":"55","author":"Cawthon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.11.003","article-title":"The health economics burden of sarcopenia: a systematic review","volume":"119","author":"Bruy\u00e8re","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.11.025","article-title":"Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European working group on sarcopenia in older people","volume":"39","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03145.x","article-title":"Loss of muscle strength, mass (sarcopenia), and quality (specific force) and its relationship with functional limitation and physical disability: the concord health and ageing in men project","volume":"58","author":"Hairi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib12","first-page":"72","article-title":"Strength, but not muscle mass, is associated with mortality in the health, aging and body composition study cohort","volume":"61","author":"Newman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02366.x","article-title":"Do muscle mass, muscle density, strength, and physical function similarly influence risk of hospitalization in older adults?","volume":"57","author":"Cawthon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012","article-title":"Asian Working group for sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1159\/000097979","article-title":"Patterns and correlates of muscle strength loss in older women","volume":"53","author":"Forrest","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03779.x","article-title":"Long-term determinants of muscle strength decline: prospective evidence from the 22-year mini-Finland follow-up survey","volume":"60","author":"Stenholm","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4428-6","article-title":"Association of sitting time and breaks in sitting with muscle mass, strength, function, and inflammation in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"29","author":"Reid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12183","article-title":"Early body composition, but not body mass, is associated with future accelerated decline in muscle quality","volume":"8","author":"Fabbri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122942","article-title":"Nutrition and muscle strength, as the key component of sarcopenia: an overview of current evidence","volume":"11","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12749","article-title":"Muscle strength, mobility, quality of life and falls in patients on maintenance haemodialysis: a prospective study","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0995","article-title":"Reduced lower-limb muscle strength and volume in patients with type 2 diabetes in relation to neuropathy, intramuscular fat, and vitamin D levels","volume":"39","author":"Almurdhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.0503","article-title":"Association between muscular strength and cognition in people with major depression or bipolar disorder and healthy controls","volume":"75","author":"Firth","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.11.005","article-title":"Low protein intake, muscle strength and physical performance in the very old: the Newcastle 85+ Study","volume":"37","author":"Granic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-017-0896-1","article-title":"The impact of dietary protein or amino acid supplementation on muscle mass and strength in elderly people: Individual participant data and meta-analysis of RCT's","volume":"21","author":"Tieland","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13499","article-title":"Effect of whey protein supplementation after resistance exercise on the muscle mass and physical function of healthy older women: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Mori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv316","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) consortium","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602657","article-title":"Validation and reproducibility of food frequency questionnaire for Korean genome epidemiologic study","volume":"61","author":"Ahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"Suppl.\u00a02","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib29","first-page":"416","article-title":"Dietary reference intakes for Koreans (KDRIs)","volume":"17","author":"Paik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12176","article-title":"Dietary protein content for an optimal diet: a clinical view","volume":"8","author":"Santarpia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu011","article-title":"Grip strength cutpoints for the identification of clinically relevant weakness","volume":"69","author":"Alley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12181","article-title":"Assessment of maximal handgrip strength: how many attempts are needed?","volume":"8","author":"Reijnierse","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200302000-00010","article-title":"The effects of protein intake on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease","volume":"14","author":"Appel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.04.007","article-title":"Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group","volume":"33","author":"Deutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2019.07.005","article-title":"High versus low dietary protein intake and bone health in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Groenendijk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.02866.x","article-title":"Protein intake and incident frailty in the Women's health initiative observational study","volume":"58","author":"Beasley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-013-0391-2","article-title":"Adequate dietary protein is associated with better physical performance among post-menopausal women 60-90 years","volume":"18","author":"Gregorio","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12394","article-title":"Protein supplementation improves lean body mass in physically active older adults: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Ten Haaf","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28047","article-title":"Longitudinal study of muscle strength, quality, and adipose tissue infiltration","volume":"90","author":"Delmonico","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.146555","article-title":"Even mealtime distribution of protein intake is associated with greater muscle strength, but not with 3-y physical function decline, in free-living older adults: the Quebec longitudinal study on Nutrition as a Determinant of Successful Aging (NuAge study)","volume":"106","author":"Farsijani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-016-0124-8","article-title":"The impact of protein quality on the promotion of resistance exercise-induced changes in muscle mass","volume":"13","author":"Phillips","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0071","article-title":"No difference between the effects of supplementing with soy protein versus animal protein on gains in muscle mass and strength in response to resistance exercise","volume":"28","author":"Messina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2010.03.004","article-title":"Resistance exercise for muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Peterson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1139-9","article-title":"International clinical practice guidelines for sarcopenia (ICFSR): screening, diagnosis and management","volume":"22","author":"Dent","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01234-2","article-title":"Strength training and protein supplementation improve muscle mass, strength, and function in mobility-limited older adults: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Aas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/21551197.2017.1391732","article-title":"Whey protein supplementation improves rehabilitation outcomes in hospitalized geriatric patients: a double blinded, randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Niccoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nutr Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2019.03.012","article-title":"Effects of whey protein nutritional supplement on muscle function among community-dwelling frail older people: a multicenter study in China","volume":"83","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121358","article-title":"Amount, distribution, and quality of protein intake are not associated with muscle mass, strength, and power in healthy older adults without functional limitations-an enable study","volume":"9","author":"Gingrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03147.x","article-title":"Associations between dietary nutrient intake and muscle mass and strength in community-dwelling older adults: the Tasmanian Older Adult Cohort Study","volume":"58","author":"Scott","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2013-0123","article-title":"Handgrip strength does not represent an appropriate measure to evaluate changes in muscle strength during an exercise intervention program in frail older people","volume":"25","author":"Tieland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109663","article-title":"Relevance to assess and preserve muscle strength in aging field","volume":"94","author":"Buckinx","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12112","article-title":"Reference ranges of handgrip strength from 125,462 healthy adults in 21 countries: a prospective urban rural epidemiologic (PURE) study","volume":"7","author":"Leong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"}],"container-title":["Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0261561421001229?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0261561421001229?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:58:28Z","timestamp":1759366708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0261561421001229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0261561421001229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034","relation":{},"ISSN":["0261-5614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0261-5614","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Impact of dietary protein intake on the incidence of low muscle strength in middle-aged and older adults","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.034","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}