{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T11:09:47Z","timestamp":1793272187592,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002301","name":"Eesti Teadusagentuur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IUT34-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUT34-24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kroner-Fresenius Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001316","name":"Abbott Laboratories","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007821","name":"Tartu \u00dclikool","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007821","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalnutritionjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]],"date-time":"2021-07-18T02:29:31Z","timestamp":1626575371000},"page":"4932-4940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Development of the Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Score (GIDS) for critically ill patients \u2013 A prospective multicenter observational study (iSOFA study)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1211-7372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annika","family":"Reintam Blaser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7520-2454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Padar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merli","family":"M\u00e4ndul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Elke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7247-282X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3521-0599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krista","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3014-2195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhael","family":"Giabicani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hiesmayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2195-0473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan M.","family":"Jakob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1647-5110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia I.","family":"Loudet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis M.","family":"Meesters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wasineenart","family":"Mongkolpun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Paugam-Burtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn","family":"Poeze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3163-0390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Charles","family":"Preiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1952-5563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattias","family":"Renberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olav","family":"Rooijackers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6110-0417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kadri","family":"Tamme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Wernerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4321-3287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel","family":"Starkopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02889-4","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in the critically ill: a systematic scoping review and research agenda proposed by the Section of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"24","author":"Reintam Blaser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1679","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in critical illness: a review of scoring tools","volume":"44","author":"Asrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Parenter Enter Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R90","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6958","article-title":"Gastrointestinal failure score in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study","volume":"12","author":"Reintam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-2831-1","article-title":"Gastrointestinal symptoms during the first week of intensive care are associated with poor outcome: a prospective multicentre study","volume":"39","author":"Blaser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222599","article-title":"Improved ICU mortality prediction based on SOFA scores and gastrointestinal parameters","volume":"14","author":"Aperstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003623","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of intra-abdominal hypertension in critically ill patients-A prospective multicenter study (IROI study)","volume":"47","author":"Reintam Blaser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000440","article-title":"Enterocyte damage: a piece in the puzzle of post-cardiac arrest syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Piton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib8","first-page":"152","article-title":"Biomarkers of gut barrier failure in the ICU","volume":"22","author":"Piton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-011-2459-y","article-title":"Gastrointestinal function in intensive care patients: terminology, definitions and management. Recommendations of the ESICM Working Group on Abdominal Problems","volume":"38","author":"Reintam Blaser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10599","article-title":"Enteral feeding intolerance: updates in definitions and pathophysiology","volume":"36","author":"Reintam Blaser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709751","article-title":"The SOFA (Sepsis-related organ failure assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction\/failure. On behalf of the working Group on sepsis-related problems of the European society of intensive care medicine","volume":"22","author":"Vincent","year":"1996","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709011203","article-title":"Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time","volume":"32","author":"Lewis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib13","series-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","first-page":"2020","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-2906-z","article-title":"Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome: updated consensus definitions and clinical practice guidelines from the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2020.04.007","article-title":"Prognostic capability of the Maximum Acute Gastrointestinal Injury Score and of caloric intake in patients requiring vasopressors: a multicenter prospective cohort study","volume":"58","author":"Loudet","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i5.514","article-title":"Severity of acute gastrointestinal injury grade is a good predictor of mortality in critically ill patients with acute pancreatitis","volume":"26","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012970","article-title":"Prevalence and outcome of acute gastrointestinal injury in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1780-4","article-title":"Severity of acute gastrointestinal injury grade is a predictor of all-cause mortality in critically ill patients: a multicenter, prospective, observational study","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib19","series-title":"Evidence-based practice of critical care","first-page":"164","article-title":"Which organs become dysfunctional in sepsis? How does this occur? How is it diagnosed and managed?","author":"Brame","year":"2010"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050931","article-title":"The use of maximum SOFA score to quantify organ dysfunction\/failure in intensive care. Results of a prospective, multicentre study. Working Group on Sepsis related Problems of the ESICM","volume":"25","author":"Moreno","year":"1999","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib21","first-page":"982507","article-title":"Intra-abdominal hypertension and gastrointestinal symptoms in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"2011","author":"Reintam Blaser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Res Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.5492\/wjccm.v6.i1.56","article-title":"Implementation of enteral feeding protocol in an intensive care unit: before-and-after study","volume":"6","author":"Padar","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001621","article-title":"Permissible intraabdominal hypertension following complex abdominal wall reconstruction","volume":"136","author":"Petro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"}],"container-title":["Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0261561421003496?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0261561421003496?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T01:02:16Z","timestamp":1759366936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0261561421003496"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0261561421003496"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["0261-5614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0261-5614","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Development of the Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Score (GIDS) for critically ill patients \u2013 A prospective multicenter observational study (iSOFA study)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}