{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:23:56Z","timestamp":1790623436630,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalnutritionjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T17:41:12Z","timestamp":1639590072000},"page":"356-364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Red meat consumption, obesity, and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among women: Evidence from mediation analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5381-230X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi Na","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8202-4513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Han","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen E.","family":"Corey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuehong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey G.","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.171","article-title":"The global NAFLD epidemic","volume":"10","author":"Loomba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02590.x","article-title":"Outcome after liver transplantation for NASH cirrhosis","volume":"9","author":"Malik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Transplant : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2018.0037","article-title":"Recent research trends and updates on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"25","author":"Yoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1212","article-title":"Prevalence of fatty liver in children and adolescents","volume":"118","author":"Schwimmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2019.07.008","article-title":"Extra-hepatic manifestations of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a review","volume":"10","author":"Tariq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of clinical and experimental hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.02.011","article-title":"Fructose consumption as a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"48","author":"Ouyang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520802588133","article-title":"Nutritional investigation of non-obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the significance of dietary cholesterol","volume":"44","author":"Yasutake","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.11.004","article-title":"EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"64","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102359","article-title":"Association between different animal protein sources and liver status in obese subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: fatty liver in obesity (FLiO) study","volume":"11","author":"Recaredo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000224","article-title":"Health risks associated with meat consumption: a review of epidemiological studies","volume":"85","author":"Battaglia Richi","year":"2015","journal-title":"International journal for vitamin and nutrition research Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI89444","article-title":"Acute dietary fat intake initiates alterations in energy metabolism and insulin resistance","volume":"127","author":"Hernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.030114","article-title":"Effects of n-6 PUFAs compared with SFAs on liver fat, lipoproteins, and inflammation in abdominal obesity: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"95","author":"Bjermo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22363","article-title":"Dietary cholesterol, rather than liver steatosis, leads to hepatic inflammation in hyperlipidemic mouse models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"48","author":"Wouters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.04943.x","article-title":"Elevated levels of serum advanced glycation end products in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"22","author":"Hyogo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.03.008","article-title":"A\u00a0review of potential metabolic etiologies of the observed association between red meat consumption and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metab Clin Exp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.924977","article-title":"Red and processed meat consumption and risk of incident coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"Micha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.101238","article-title":"Consumption of meat is associated with higher fasting glucose and insulin concentrations regardless of glucose and insulin genetic risk scores: a meta-analysis of 50,345 Caucasians","volume":"102","author":"Fretts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018585","article-title":"Dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity: a comprehensive review","volume":"133","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487313507684","article-title":"Red but not white meat consumption is associated with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and lipid peroxidation in Brazilian middle-aged men","volume":"22","author":"Cocate","year":"2015","journal-title":"European journal of preventive cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107561","article-title":"Differential acute postprandial effects of processed meat and isocaloric vegan meals on the gastrointestinal hormone response in subjects suffering from type 2 diabetes and healthy controls: a randomized crossover study","volume":"9","author":"Belinova","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30967","article-title":"Diet associations with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in an ethnically diverse population: the multiethnic cohort","volume":"71","author":"Noureddin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.01.015","article-title":"High red and processed meat consumption is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance","volume":"68","author":"Zelber-Sagi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy092","article-title":"Food groups and risk of overweight, obesity, and weight gain: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"10","author":"Schlesinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12172","article-title":"Is there a relationship between red or processed meat intake and obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"15","author":"Rouhani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obes Rev : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.5370","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review","volume":"313","author":"Rinella","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA : J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2020.0202","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol-related liver disease: from clinical aspects to pathophysiological insights","volume":"26","author":"Ikejima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1590","article-title":"Moderate alcohol consumption during adult life, drinking patterns, and breast cancer risk","volume":"306","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.04.043","article-title":"Liver fibrosis, but No other histologic features, is associated with long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"149","author":"Angulo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.11.057","article-title":"Obesity and weight gain since early adulthood are associated with a lower risk of microscopic colitis","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29367","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"67","author":"Chalasani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, Md)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx328","article-title":"Relative validity of nutrient intakes assessed by questionnaire, 24-hour recalls, and diet records as compared with urinary recovery and plasma concentration biomarkers: findings for women","volume":"187","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww104","article-title":"Validity of a dietary questionnaire assessed by comparison with multiple weighed dietary records or 24-hour recalls","volume":"185","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/18.4.858","article-title":"Food-based validation of a dietary questionnaire: the effects of week-to-week variation in food consumption","volume":"18","author":"Salvini","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.2.243","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of dietary patterns assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire","volume":"69","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.05.034","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective cohort study of meat and fish consumption and endometriosis risk","volume":"219","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199601000-00014","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of a self-administered physical activity questionnaire for male health professionals","volume":"7","author":"Chasan-Taber","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114086","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire","volume":"122","author":"Willett","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114319","article-title":"Validation of questionnaire information on risk factors and disease outcomes in a prospective cohort study of women","volume":"123","author":"Colditz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199011000-00009","article-title":"Validity of self-reported waist and hip circumferences in men and women","volume":"1","author":"Rimm","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/23.5.991","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of a self-administered physical activity questionnaire","volume":"23","author":"Wolf","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.196","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective study of cigarette smoking and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease in women","volume":"107","author":"Higuchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154398","article-title":"Weight gain during early adulthood, trajectory of body shape and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective cohort study among women","volume":"113","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metab Clin Exp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.6.1261","article-title":"Diet quality and major chronic disease risk in men and women: moving toward improved dietary guidance","volume":"76","author":"McCullough","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib44","first-page":"1009","article-title":"Alternative dietary indices both strongly predict risk of chronic disease","volume":"142","author":"Chiuve","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/126.2.319","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of self-reported menopausal status in a prospective cohort study","volume":"126","author":"Colditz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1207756","article-title":"Aspirin use, tumor PIK3CA mutation, and colorectal-cancer survival","volume":"367","author":"Liao","year":"2012","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-7-199810010-00002","article-title":"Multivitamin use, folate, and colon cancer in women in the Nurses' Health Study","volume":"129","author":"Giovannucci","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib48","first-page":"207","article-title":"Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report","volume":"60","author":"Giovannucci","year":"2010","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009849","article-title":"Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: a comparison of approaches for adjusting for total energy intake and modeling repeated dietary measurements","volume":"149","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.3747","article-title":"Healthful dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"172","author":"Tobias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.018978","article-title":"Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/01635580802710741","article-title":"Well-done meat intake, heterocyclic amine exposure, and cancer risk","volume":"61","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.3.532s","article-title":"Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists","volume":"70","author":"Fraser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.3.516s","article-title":"Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies","volume":"70","author":"Key","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.6","article-title":"Meat intake and mortality: a prospective study of over half a million people","volume":"169","author":"Sinha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv268","article-title":"Dietary protein intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and women","volume":"183","author":"Malik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2627","article-title":"Dietary protein intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in Europe: the EPIC-InterAct Case-Cohort Study","volume":"37","author":"van Nielen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.018648","article-title":"Biomarker-calibrated dietary energy and protein intake associations with diabetes risk among postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative","volume":"94","author":"Tinker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1014296","article-title":"Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men","volume":"364","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.09.038","article-title":"Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis among a largely middle-aged population utilizing ultrasound and liver biopsy: a prospective study","volume":"140","author":"Williams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-011-9304-9","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: is iron relevant?","volume":"6","author":"O'Brien","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology international"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.4182","article-title":"Association of animal and plant protein intake with all-cause and cause-specific mortality","volume":"176","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.194","article-title":"Diverticular disease as a chronic illness: evolving epidemiologic and clinical insights","volume":"107","author":"Strate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.075663","article-title":"Associations between red meat intake and biomarkers of inflammation and glucose metabolism in women","volume":"99","author":"Ley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101124","article-title":"Gut microbiota and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: insights on mechanisms and therapy","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j1957","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1957","article-title":"Mortality from different causes associated with meat, heme iron, nitrates, and nitrites in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study: population based cohort study","volume":"357","author":"Etemadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib68","series-title":"Nutritional Epidemiology2","author":"Willett","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154398","article-title":"Weight gain during early adulthood, trajectory of body shape and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective cohort study among women","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metab Clin Exp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","article-title":"Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes","volume":"64","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.07.027","article-title":"Fibrosis stage but not NASH predicts mortality and time to development of severe liver disease in biopsy-proven NAFLD","volume":"67","author":"Hagstr\u00f6m","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib72","first-page":"570","article-title":"The validity of recalled weight among younger women","volume":"19","author":"Troy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4853-9_12","article-title":"Food heating and the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mutagens\/carcinogens","volume":"459","author":"Knize","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(94)90002-7","article-title":"Effect of cooking time and temperature on the heterocyclic amine content of fried beef patties","volume":"32","author":"Knize","year":"1994","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1992","article-title":"Meat cooking methods and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective cohort studies","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0261561421005641?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0261561421005641?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T01:04:46Z","timestamp":1759367086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0261561421005641"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0261561421005641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0261-5614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0261-5614","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Red meat consumption, obesity, and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among women: Evidence from mediation analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.12.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}