{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T09:24:22Z","timestamp":1792401862502,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003970","name":"Isfahan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["140233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["140233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003970","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalnutritionjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T11:34:26Z","timestamp":1704800066000},"page":"505-518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The relation of dietary protein intake before and during the pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4312-0294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Hajhashemy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Bagherniya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omid","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Askari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2019.05.001","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"48","author":"Szmuilowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.03.030","article-title":"Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Europe: a meta-analysis","volume":"129","author":"Eades","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-015-0699-x","article-title":"Prevalence of gestational diabetes and risk of progression to type 2 diabetes: a global perspective","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-2131-4","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3109\/14767050903550659","article-title":"The fetal and maternal consequences of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"23","author":"Reece","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60515-8","article-title":"Gestational diabetes: the need for a common ground","volume":"373","author":"Reece","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108044","article-title":"Maternal age and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of over 120 million participants","volume":"162","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2018.1458983","article-title":"Self-efficacy and planning strategies can improve physical activity levels in women with a recent history of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"33","author":"Pinidiyapathirage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060698","article-title":"Associations of diet and physical activity with risk for gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Mijatovic-Vukas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa184","article-title":"Western dietary patterns, foods, and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"12","author":"Quan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2018","article-title":"Prepregnancy dietary protein intake, major dietary protein sources, and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study","volume":"36","author":"Bao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib12","article-title":"The effect of dietary protein intake on the risk of gestational diabetes","volume":"2022","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Food Qual"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.718792","article-title":"Higher animal protein intake during the second trimester of pregnancy is associated with risk of GDM","volume":"8","author":"Yong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib14","first-page":"376","article-title":"The relationship between nutritional status and glucose tolerance in pregnancy","volume":"84","author":"Yabaci","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Istanbul Fac Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14081623","article-title":"Dietary protein patterns during pregnancy are associated with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese pregnant women","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-021-00910-9","article-title":"How does antenatal lifestyle affect the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus? A secondary cohort analysis from the GeliS trial","volume":"76","author":"G\u00fcnther","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114142","article-title":"Prepregnancy protein source and BCAA intake are associated with gestational diabetes mellitus in the CARDIA study","volume":"19","author":"Gadgil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1136\/eb-2013-101550","article-title":"Gestational diabetes: higher animal protein intake during pregnancy is associated with increased risk, and higher vegetable protein intake with decreased risk","volume":"17","author":"Middleton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid Based Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2021.09.008","article-title":"The impact of optimism on cancer-related and postsurgical cancer pain: a systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Forte","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.18.1477","article-title":"Association of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease: meta-analyses of prospective studies","volume":"279","author":"Danesh","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116237","article-title":"Methods for trend estimation from summarized dose-response data, with applications to meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Greenland","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0600600103","article-title":"Generalized least squares for trend estimation of summarized dose\u2013response data","volume":"6","author":"Orsini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3602","article-title":"Extending DerSimonian and Laird's methodology to perform multivariate random effects meta-analyses","volume":"29","author":"Jackson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction\u2014GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib26","series-title":"GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool [Software]. (Developed by Evidence Prime, Inc.)","author":"GRADEpro GDT","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib27","first-page":"1","article-title":"The association of maternal body composition and dietary intake with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus during the second trimester in a cohort of Chinese pregnant women","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00596","article-title":"Dietary protein intake, meat consumption, and dairy consumption in the year preceding pregnancy and during pregnancy and their associations with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study in Southwest China","volume":"9","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518002453","article-title":"Maternal dietary pattern characterised by high protein and low carbohydrate intake in pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese women: a prospective cohort study","volume":"120","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.018861","article-title":"Effect of macronutrient intake during the second trimester on glucose metabolism later in pregnancy","volume":"94","author":"Ley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib31","first-page":"653","article-title":"Higher maternal dietary protein intake is associated with a higher risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in a multiethnic Asian cohort","volume":"147","author":"Pang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_86_19","article-title":"The association between maternal dietary protein intake and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"10","author":"Hezaveh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19932820.2021.1930346","article-title":"Impact of nutrients and Mediterranean diet on the occurrence of gestational diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Mahjoub","year":"2021","journal-title":"Libyan J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1737-7","article-title":"Dietary protein intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a dose\u2013response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"58","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.02.009","article-title":"Dietary patterns and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"36","author":"Hassani Zadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.123","article-title":"High dietary protein intake, reducing or eliciting insulin resistance?","volume":"68","author":"Rietman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092545","article-title":"Role of dietary proteins and amino acids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance","volume":"27","author":"Tremblay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12224","article-title":"Higher glucose concentrations following protein- and fat-rich meals - the Tuebingen Grill Study: a pilot study in adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Neu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2307","article-title":"Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0495","article-title":"Identification of serum metabolites associated with risk of type 2 diabetes using a targeted metabolomic approach","volume":"62","author":"Floegel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-1088-7","article-title":"Insulin resistance and the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids in humans","volume":"43","author":"Adeva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.07.015","article-title":"A\u00a0human model of dietary saturated fatty acid induced insulin resistance","volume":"65","author":"Koska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"}],"container-title":["Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0261561424000074?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0261561424000074?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T01:17:03Z","timestamp":1759367823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0261561424000074"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0261561424000074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0261-5614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0261-5614","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The relation of dietary protein intake before and during the pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}