{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:43:36Z","timestamp":1780580616234,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP25K24284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP25K24284"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP16H05251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP16H05251"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20H03952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20H03952"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25293146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25293146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP25702006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP25702006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012319","name":"National Center for Global Health and Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008732","name":"Uehara Memorial Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020237","name":"Japan Health Research Promotion Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020237","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020237","name":"Japan Health Research Promotion Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024B05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024B05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020237","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015617","name":"Industrial Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015617","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalnutritionjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T16:56:52Z","timestamp":1767027412000},"page":"106563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Serum mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic and incidence of type 2 diabetes among adults: A nested case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1008-3367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aoi","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohei","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miyuki","family":"Iwai-Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yayoi","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiko","family":"Isobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenta","family":"Iwai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoji F.","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maki","family":"Konishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuichiro","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tohru","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Mizoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldg032","article-title":"Hazards of heavy metal contamination","volume":"68","author":"J\u00e4rup","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0029","article-title":"The role of phosphoinositide 3-Kinase\/Akt signaling in low-dose mercury\u2013induced mouse pancreatic \u03b2-Cell dysfunction in vitro and in vivo","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1021\/tx0600705","article-title":"Methylmercury induces pancreatic \u03b2-Cell apoptosis and dysfunction","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106406","article-title":"Cadmium exposure impairs pancreatic \u03b2-cell function and exaggerates diabetes by disrupting lipid metabolism","volume":"149","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901608","article-title":"Low-level arsenic impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells: involvement of cellular adaptive response to oxidative stress","volume":"118","author":"Fu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2014.11.001","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms involved in lead induced disruption of hepatic and pancreatic glucose metabolism","volume":"39","author":"Mostafalou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6894","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06894","article-title":"Arsenic induces diabetic effects through beta-cell dysfunction and increased gluconeogenesis in mice","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106920","article-title":"Cadmium exposure and risk of diabetes and prediabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"158","author":"Filippini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2023.08.001","article-title":"An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis on the relation between exposure to arsenic and risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"384","author":"Rahimi Kakavandi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001233","article-title":"Urinary metals and incident diabetes in midlife women: study of Women's health across the Nation (SWAN)","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3578","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0894","article-title":"Methylmercury exposure and incident diabetes in U.S. men and women in two prospective cohorts","volume":"36","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116470","article-title":"Association of serum metal levels with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort and mediating effects of metabolites analysis in Chinese population","volume":"279","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib13","first-page":"83","article-title":"Dietary exposure of the Japanese general population to elements: total diet study 2013-2018","volume":"10","author":"Watanabe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Saf Tokyo Jpn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-013-9846-x","article-title":"Identification and determination of selenoneine, 2-Selenyl-N\u03b1, N\u03b1, N\u03b1-Trimethyl-l-Histidine, as the major organic selenium in blood cells in a fish-eating population on remote Japanese Islands","volume":"156","author":"Yamashita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10581-2","article-title":"Gender differences in plasma element concentrations and associations between selenoprotein P and iron metabolism in a community-based cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Saito","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"oead074","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjopen\/oead074","article-title":"Elevated arsenic level in fasting serum via ingestion of fish meat increased the risk of hypertension in humans and mice","volume":"3","author":"Kagawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-019-0139-0","article-title":"Blood mercury, lead, cadmium, manganese and selenium levels in pregnant women and their determinants: the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS)","volume":"29","author":"Nakayama","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.12.016","article-title":"An overview of worldwide and regional time trends in total mercury levels in human blood and breast milk from 1966 to 2015 and their associations with health effects","volume":"125","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0810","article-title":"The association of arsenic exposure and metabolism with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in youth: the SEARCH case-control study","volume":"40","author":"Grau-P\u00e9rez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12464","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b03492","article-title":"Environmental chemicals in an urban population of pregnant women and their newborns from San Francisco","volume":"50","author":"Morello-Frosch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.248997","article-title":"High serum phospholipid Dihomo-\u03b3-Linoleic acid concentration and low \u03945-Desaturase activity are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes among Japanese adults in the Hitachi Health Study","volume":"147","author":"Akter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib23","first-page":"S15","article-title":"2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2021","volume":"44","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)00970-6","article-title":"Trace element levels in whole blood and serum from Swedish adolescents","volume":"286","author":"B\u00e1r\u00e1ny","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2001.4271","article-title":"The lead content of blood serum","volume":"86","author":"Manton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Res Sect A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38052","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-24960-z","article-title":"Associations of trace element levels in paired serum, whole blood, and tissue: an example of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"30","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028973","article-title":"Effects of heavy metals in acute ischemic stroke patients: a cross-sectional study","volume":"101","author":"Yen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.05.010","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and risk of type 2 diabetes among Japanese adults: the Hitachi Health Study","volume":"39","author":"Akter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19990330)18:6<681::AID-SIM71>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Multiple imputation of missing blood pressure covariates in survival analysis","volume":"18","author":"Van Buuren","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib30","series-title":"Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys","first-page":"15","author":"Rubin","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111210","article-title":"A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of exposure to environmental selenium and the risk of type 2 diabetes in nonexperimental studies","volume":"197","author":"Vinceti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-017-0280-3","article-title":"Circulating magnesium levels and incidence of coronary heart diseases, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-2426","article-title":"n-3 fatty acid biomarkers and incident type 2 diabetes: an individual participant-level pooling project of 20 prospective cohort studies","volume":"44","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2544-y","article-title":"Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and the risk of type 2 diabetes: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort and updated meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"55","author":"Forouhi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2015.11.024","article-title":"Adjust for multiple comparisons? It's not that simple","volume":"101","author":"Althouse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072231","article-title":"Health risk assessment and source apportionment of Mercury, lead, cadmium, selenium, and manganese in Japanese women: an adjunct study to the Japan environment and children's study","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib37","series-title":"Risk assessment report arsenic in foods (chemicals and contaminants)","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(83)90025-7","article-title":"Cadmium levels in the blood of inhabitants in nonpolluted areas in Japan with special references to aging and smoking","volume":"31","author":"Watanabe","year":"1983","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(97)00351-2","article-title":"Total mercury intake from fish and shellfish by Japanese people","volume":"35","author":"Nakagawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-010-8661-x","article-title":"Estimation of dietary Pb and Cd intake from Pb and Cd in blood or urine","volume":"139","author":"Ikeda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib41","series-title":"Handbook on the toxicology of metals","author":"Nordberg","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.10.013","article-title":"Association between whole blood mercury and glucose intolerance among adult Inuit in Greenland","volume":"143","author":"Jeppesen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib43","article-title":"Associations of total blood mercury and blood methylmercury concentrations with diabetes in adults: an exposure-response analysis of 2005-2018 NHANES","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol Organ Soc Miner Trace Elem GMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1021\/ac50045a052","article-title":"Determination of serum and blood densities","volume":"51","author":"Sniegoski","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib45","series-title":"Food balance sheets and fish contribution to protein supply by country from 1961 to 2017","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2016.12.008","article-title":"Trace element status in patients with type 2 diabetes in Norway: the HUNT3 Survey","volume":"40","author":"Hansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2004.10.001","article-title":"A comparison between Japanese-Americans living in Hawaii and Los Angeles and native Japanese: the impact of lifestyle westernization on diabetes mellitus","volume":"58","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.05.001","article-title":"Serum mercury concentration and the risk of ischemic stroke: the REasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke trace element study","volume":"117","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0316","article-title":"Metals in urine and diabetes in U.S. adults","volume":"65","author":"Menke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3578","article-title":"Exposure to lead and cadmium is associated with fasting plasma glucose and type 2 diabetes in Chinese adults","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-024-04096-5","article-title":"Lead exposure and physical frailty in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: cross-sectional results from the METAL study","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2017.1373273","article-title":"Correlation between serum lead and thyroid diseases: papillary thyroid carcinoma, nodular goiter, and thyroid adenoma","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2010.07.002","article-title":"Dietary intake of lead and cadmium by children and adults \u2013 result calculated from dietary recall and available lead\/cadmium level in food in comparison to result from food duplicate diet method","volume":"213","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.06.017","article-title":"Heavy metals in food, house dust, and water from an e-waste recycling area in South China and the potential risk to human health","volume":"96","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib57","first-page":"482","article-title":"Association between plasma metal levels and diabetes risk: a case-control study in China","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci BES"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib58","first-page":"1141","article-title":"Cadmium and its inorganic compounds. MAK-Collect Occup","volume":"22","author":"Hallier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2018-104996","article-title":"Metals in urine in relation to the prevalence of pre-diabetes, diabetes and atherosclerosis in rural India","volume":"75","author":"Velmurugan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-022-03279-1","article-title":"Research for type 2 diabetes mellitus in endemic arsenism areas in central China: role of low level of arsenic exposure and KEAP1 rs11545829 polymorphism","volume":"96","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2007.03.004","article-title":"Inorganic arsenic exposure and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mexico","volume":"104","author":"Coronado-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.07.030","article-title":"Maternal serum arsenic level during pregnancy is positively associated with adverse pregnant outcomes in a Chinese population","volume":"356","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4274\/tao.2022.2021-11-12","article-title":"Estimation of serum levels of heavy metals in patients with chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis before the COVID-19 era: a pilot study","volume":"60","author":"Kajal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk Arch Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP4517","article-title":"A state-of-the-science review of arsenic's effects on glucose homeostasis in experimental models","volume":"128","author":"Castriota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.05.007","article-title":"Inorganic arsenic in Chinese food and its cancer risk","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.21149\/11085","article-title":"Arsenic exposure in northern Mexican women","volume":"62","author":"Gamboa-Loira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib67","series-title":"Guidance for identifying populations at risk from mercury exposure","first-page":"1","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib68","series-title":"Advice for pregnant women on fish consumption concerning mercury contamination","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1980.10667458","article-title":"The relationship between blood levels and dose of methylmercury in man","volume":"35","author":"Kershaw","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2015.1072878","article-title":"Effect of increased intake of fish and mussels on exposure to toxic trace elements in a healthy, middle-aged population","volume":"32","author":"Outzen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Addit Contam"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.37.123","article-title":"Hair-to-blood ratio and biological half-life of mercury: experimental study of methylmercury exposure through fish consumption in humans","volume":"37","author":"Yaginuma-Sakurai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2006.01612.x","article-title":"Dietary intake of differently fed salmon: a preliminary study on contaminants","volume":"36","author":"Bethune","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2014.926262","article-title":"High consumption of farmed salmon does not disrupt the steady state of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) in human plasma and adipose tissue","volume":"77","author":"Hausken","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.012252","article-title":"Fish intake and type 2 diabetes in Japanese men and women: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study","volume":"94","author":"Nanri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719201100109","article-title":"An acute mercuric mercury poisoning: Chemical speciation of hair mercury shows a peak of inorganic mercury value","volume":"11","author":"Suzuki","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-011-0673-0","article-title":"Long-term lead elimination from plasma and whole blood after poisoning","volume":"85","author":"Rentschler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.L10108","article-title":"Acute arsine poisoning confirmed by speciation analysis of arsenic compounds in the plasma and urine by HPLC-ICP-MS","volume":"53","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib78","series-title":"IDF diabetes atlas","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60613-9","article-title":"Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies","volume":"383","author":"Ley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031031","article-title":"Design choices for observational studies of the effect of exposure on disease incidence","volume":"9","author":"Gail","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4078","article-title":"Toxicokinetics of methylmercury in diabetic KK-Ay mice and C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"41","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0261561425003425?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0261561425003425?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T15:48:28Z","timestamp":1776181708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0261561425003425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["S0261561425003425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563","relation":{},"ISSN":["0261-5614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0261-5614","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Serum mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic and incidence of type 2 diabetes among adults: A nested case\u2013control study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106563","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106563"}}