{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T10:44:32Z","timestamp":1792320272681,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalnutritionjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T16:04:47Z","timestamp":1767369887000},"page":"106571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and Wernicke encephalopathy: A pharmacovigilance study and literature review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Dana","family":"Lev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avshalom","family":"Leibowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alon","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gadi","family":"Shlomai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilad","family":"Twig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yehudit","family":"Eden-Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tal","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tali","family":"Cukierman-Yaffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Dankner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hertzel C.","family":"Gerstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5035-100X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9548","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69705-5","article-title":"The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes","volume":"368","author":"Drucker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1043789","article-title":"Association between different GLP-1 receptor agonists and gastrointestinal adverse reactions: a real-world disproportionality study based on FDA adverse event reporting system database","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12824","article-title":"Occurrence of nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea reported as adverse events in clinical trials studying glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a systematic analysis of published clinical trials","volume":"19","author":"Bettge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metabol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-025-01859-6","article-title":"Gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RA in non-diabetic patients with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Ismaiel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","article-title":"Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141","article-title":"Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2501006","article-title":"Oral semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk type 2 diabetes","volume":"392","author":"McGuire","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107519","article-title":"Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"385","author":"Fr\u00edas","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med [Internet]"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03153.x","article-title":"EFNS guidelines for diagnosis, therapy and prevention of Wernicke encephalopathy","volume":"17","author":"Galvin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib10","series-title":"Wernicke's encephalopathy: new clinical settings and recent advances in diagnosis and management [Internet]","author":"Sechi","year":"2007"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-020-00989-3","article-title":"Comprehensive review of Wernicke encephalopathy: pathophysiology, clinical symptoms and imaging findings","volume":"38","author":"Ota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn J Radiol [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib12","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Wernicke Encephalopathy\u2014clinical pearls","volume":"vol. 94","author":"Sinha","year":"2019"},{"issue":"123456789","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib14","article-title":"The reporting of a disproportionality analysis for drug safety signal detection using individual case safety reports in PharmacoVigilance (READUS - PV): development and statement","author":"Fusaroli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Saf [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib15","series-title":"Data mining applications in engineering and medicine [Internet]","article-title":"Data mining techniques in pharmacovigilance: analysis of the publicly accessible FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS)","author":"Poluzzi","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-020-00738-6","article-title":"Lessons to be learnt from real-world studies on immune-related adverse events with checkpoint inhibitors: a clinical perspective from pharmacovigilance","volume":"15","author":"Raschi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Target Oncol [Internet]"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1742","article-title":"Quantitative signal detection using spontaneous ADR reporting","volume":"18","author":"Bate","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf [Internet]"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2012.50","article-title":"Novel data-mining methodologies for adverse drug event discovery and analysis","volume":"91","author":"Harpaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280050466","article-title":"A Bayesian neural network method for adverse drug reaction signal generation","volume":"54","author":"Bate","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib21","article-title":"Wernicke encephalopathy associated with semaglutide use","volume":"16","author":"Sheth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus [Internet]"},{"issue":"10S","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2964","DOI":"10.14309\/01.ajg.0001048112.46649.58","article-title":"S4686 semaglutide\u2019s hidden perils: a rare case of malnutrition and wernicke encephalopathy","volume":"119","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","article-title":"Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity","volume":"384","author":"Wilding","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107519","article-title":"Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"385","author":"Fr\u00edas","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib25","article-title":"Dietary intake by patients taking GLP-1 and dual GIP\/GLP-1 receptor agonists: a narrative review and discussion of research needs","volume":"11","author":"Christensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obesity Pillars [Internet]"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12735","article-title":"Preventing Wernicke's encephalopathy in anorexia nervosa: a systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Oudman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib27","series-title":"Wernicke encephalopathy after obesity surgery A systematic review [Internet]","author":"Singh","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib28","first-page":"3621","article-title":"Wernicke encephalopathy after bariatric surgery: a literature review","volume":"vol. 33","author":"Yu","year":"2023"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.7112","article-title":"Dispensing of glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonists to adolescents and young adults, 2020-2023","volume":"331","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA [Internet]"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2016.12.018","article-title":"American Society for Metabolic and bariatric Surgery Integrated Health Nutritional Guidelines for the surgical weight loss patient 2016 update: micronutrients","volume":"13","author":"Parrott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg Obes Relat Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.2.282","article-title":"The prevalence of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in Sydney, Australia: a prospective necropsy study","volume":"52","author":"Harper","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psych [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571_bib32","article-title":"Clinical signs in the Wernicke-Korsakoff complex: a retrospective analysis of 131 cases diagnosed at necropsy","volume":"49","author":"Harper","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurosurg Psych"}],"container-title":["Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0261561425003516?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0261561425003516?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T22:31:41Z","timestamp":1771540301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0261561425003516"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S0261561425003516"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571","relation":{},"ISSN":["0261-5614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0261-5614","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and Wernicke encephalopathy: A pharmacovigilance study and literature review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106571","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106571"}}