{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T15:04:29Z","timestamp":1789830269090,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalnutritionjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:12:04Z","timestamp":1788221524000},"page":"106776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Gastrointestinal complications in patients supported by venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Jacob J.","family":"Cruz-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan A.","family":"Osuna-Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Ceballos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo A.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Escudero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis E.","family":"Santos-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Rojas-Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2028-2039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Stoppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31083\/RCM43438","article-title":"Optimization of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation weaning: hemodynamic targets, predictive indicators, and future algorithm","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31047-3","article-title":"Temporary circulatory support for cardiogenic shock","volume":"396","author":"Combes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000001510","article-title":"ELSO interim guidelines for venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adult cardiac patients","volume":"67","author":"Lorusso","year":"2021","journal-title":"ASAIO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.12.018","article-title":"Association between shock etiology and 5-Year outcomes after venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"81","author":"Danial","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2020.11.026","article-title":"Contemporary use of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: insights from the multicenter RESCUE registry","volume":"27","author":"Loungani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2024.06.007","article-title":"Acquired von Willebrand syndrome during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support: a comprehensive review of current evidence: communication from the ISTH SSC on perioperative and critical care thrombosis and hemostasis","volume":"22","author":"Frere","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemostasis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240117","article-title":"Clinical and pathophysiologic aspects of ECMO-Associated hemorrhagic complications","volume":"15","author":"Popugaev","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12891","article-title":"Microcirculatory perfusion disturbances during veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Volleman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.12904","article-title":"Novel ECG-synchronized pulsatile ECLS system with various heart rates and cardiac arrhythmias: an in vitro study","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artif Organs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9100487","article-title":"Hemodynamic effect of pulsatile on blood flow distribution with VA ECMO: a numerical study","volume":"9","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607112470460","article-title":"Tolerability and safety of enteral nutrition in critically ill patients receiving intravenous vasopressor therapy","volume":"37","author":"Mancl","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-05192-8","article-title":"Core outcome set of daily monitoring of gastrointestinal function in adult critically ill patients: a modified Delphi consensus process (COSMOGI)","volume":"28","author":"Bachmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000002657","article-title":"2025 ELSO consensus statement for the provision and management of nutrition therapy in critically ill adult patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"72","author":"Bear","year":"2026","journal-title":"ASAIO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02889-4","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in the critically ill: a systematic scoping review and research agenda proposed by the section of metabolism, endocrinology and nutrition of the european society of intensive care medicine","volume":"24","author":"Reintam Blaser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10599","article-title":"Enteral feeding intolerance: updates in definitions and pathophysiology","volume":"36","author":"Reintam Blaser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01818-X","article-title":"Cardiogenic shock","volume":"404","author":"L\u00fcsebrink","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1570-4","article-title":"The inflammatory response to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): a review of the pathophysiology","volume":"20","author":"Millar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072579","article-title":"Endotoxemia in acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock: evidence, mechanisms and therapeutic options","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-023-00676-1","article-title":"Organ dysfunction, injury, and failure in cardiogenic shock","volume":"11","author":"Shirakabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Intensiv Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020894","article-title":"Gastrointestinal and liver issues in heart failure","volume":"133","author":"Sundaram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(93)90341-I","article-title":"Endotoxemia after major vascular operations","volume":"18","author":"Roumen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1748154","article-title":"ECMO-Associated nosocomial infections in adults: immunopathogenesis and predictive modeling approaches","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.613596","article-title":"Cardiogenic shock","volume":"117","author":"Reynolds","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib24","first-page":"184","article-title":"Cardiogenic shock: reflections at the crossroad between perfusion, tissue hypoxia, and mitochondrial function","volume":"36","author":"O'Brien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2015.09.017","article-title":"Intersections between microbiome and heart failure: revisiting the gut hypothesis","volume":"21","author":"Nagatomo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181e4c9f8","article-title":"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation causes loss of intestinal epithelial barrier in the newborn piglet","volume":"68","author":"Kurundkar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62264-X","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 and tumor necrosis Factor-\u03b1 synergize to induce intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by Up-Regulating myosin light chain kinase expression","volume":"166","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.12.016","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 modulation of intestinal tight junction permeability is mediated by NIK\/IKK-\u03b1 axis activation of the canonical NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"186","author":"Al-Sadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2013.149","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial apoptosis initiates gut mucosal injury during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the newborn piglet","volume":"94","author":"MohanKumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04127-5","article-title":"The central and biodynamic role of gut microbiota in critically ill patients","volume":"26","author":"Wozniak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ezad083","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezad083","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in adults treated with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a cohort study","volume":"63","author":"Stern","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Cardio Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.17-137","article-title":"Microbiome and intestinal ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"63","author":"Nadatani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Biochem Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-05058-z","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary bypass and VA-ECMO induced immune dysfunction: common features and differences, a narrative review","volume":"28","author":"Lesouhaitier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-014-0121-3","article-title":"Utilization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation alleviates intestinal ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury in prolonged hemorrhagic shock animal model","volume":"70","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.814863","article-title":"Renal and hepatic function improve in advanced heart failure patients during continuous-flow support with the HeartMate II left ventricular assist device","volume":"120","author":"Russell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.908582","article-title":"Is pulsatile blood flow No longer essential?","volume":"120","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12722","article-title":"Pulsatility protects the endothelial glycocalyx during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00726.2021","article-title":"Extracorporeal circulation impairs microcirculation perfusion and organ function","volume":"132","author":"Govender","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-04848-9","article-title":"Impact of hyperoxia on the gut during critical illnesses","volume":"28","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.02.009","article-title":"Flow mixing during peripheral veno-arterial extra corporeal membrane oxygenation \u2013 a simulation study","volume":"55","author":"Stevens","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04703-3","article-title":"How I manage differential gas exchange in peripheral venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"27","author":"Asija","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155338","article-title":"Association between hyperoxia and mortality in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"91","author":"Zeng","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006134","article-title":"Oxygenation during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: physiology, current evidence, and a pragmatic approach to oxygen titration","volume":"52","author":"Premraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2043","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006810","article-title":"Hyperoxia and end-organ complications among cardiogenic shock patients supported by venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib45","article-title":"Hyperoxia provokes Time- and dose-dependent gut injury and endotoxemia and alters gut microbiome and transcriptome in mice","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1675652","article-title":"Hyperoxia as a driver of gut dysbiosis","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e400","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004286","article-title":"Multi-modal characterization of the coagulopathy associated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"48","author":"Granja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05569-3","article-title":"Incidence, kinetics, and clinical impact of thrombocytopenia in venovenous ECMO: insights from the multicenter observational PROTECMO study","volume":"29","author":"Buchtele","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2019.10.078","article-title":"Peripheral versus central extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for postcardiotomy shock: multicenter registry, systematic review, and meta-analysis","volume":"160","author":"Mariscalco","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2020.09.004","article-title":"Hemocompatibility-related adverse events and survival on venoarterial extracorporeal life support","volume":"8","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06593-x","article-title":"Bleeding and thrombotic events in adults supported with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an ELSO registry analysis","volume":"48","author":"Nunez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2022.11.003","article-title":"The international society for heart and lung transplantation\/heart failure society of America guideline on acute mechanical circulatory support","volume":"29","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4312-9","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adults with acute respiratory failure: a cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Abrams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06031-4","article-title":"Platelets and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation in adult patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Jiritano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.322752","article-title":"Shear forces induced platelet clearance is a new mechanism of thrombocytopenia","volume":"133","author":"Rauch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41773-3","article-title":"Bleeding patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation have reduced platelet aggregation and plasma fibrinogen: a longitudinal observational study","volume":"13","author":"Hvas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.12382","article-title":"The Effect of Shear Stress on the Size, Structure, and Function of Human von Willebrand Factor","volume":"38","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Artif Organs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000002632","article-title":"Von Willebrand Factor In ECMO: a Dynamic Modulator of Hemorrhage and Thrombosis","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005467","article-title":"Acquired von Willebrand Syndrome and Desmopressin Resistance During Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Patients With COVID-19: a Prospective Observational Study","volume":"50","author":"Kalbhenn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072629","article-title":"Haematological trends and transfusion during adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a single centre study","volume":"12","author":"Worku","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7975","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87026-z","article-title":"Hemostasis, coagulation and thrombin in venoarterial and venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: the HECTIC study","volume":"11","author":"Cartwright","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib62","series-title":"ELSO guidelines for cardiopulmonary extracorporeal life support","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2209","article-title":"Impact of early nutrition route in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"46","author":"Brisard","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-3053-2","article-title":"Nutrition support during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in adults: a retrospective audit of 86 patients","volume":"39","author":"Ferrie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2026.01.028","article-title":"Outcomes of abdominal exploration in ECMO-supported patients: a multicenter ICU cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Jena","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.09.009","article-title":"Unloading of the left ventricle during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy in cardiogenic shock","volume":"6","author":"Schrage","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5319-1","article-title":"Early enteral nutrition for cardiogenic or obstructive shock requiring venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a nationwide inpatient database study","volume":"44","author":"Ohbe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.11.036","article-title":"Nutritional support and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients supported with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"39","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111222","article-title":"Early enteral nutrition and factors related to in-hospital mortality in people on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"89","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.07.021","article-title":"Safety and outcome of early enteral nutrition in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"42","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-024-01326-x","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal bleeding on veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support","volume":"14","author":"de Roux","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14269","article-title":"Nutrition adequacy, gastrointestinal, and hepatic function during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in critically ill adults: a retrospective observational study","volume":"46","author":"Visvalingam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Artif Organs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2021.04.029","article-title":"Outcomes associated with delayed enteral feeding after cardiac arrest treated with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and targeted temperature management","volume":"164","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30733-9","article-title":"Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to rescue sepsis-induced cardiogenic shock: a retrospective, multicentre, international cohort study","volume":"396","author":"Br\u00e9chot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib80","series-title":"Diet and nutrition in critical care","first-page":"1","article-title":"Early enteral nutrition in postoperative cardiac surgery patients with severe hemodynamic failure and venoarterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)","author":"Makikado","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib87","first-page":"62","article-title":"Acute mesenteric ischaemia in refractory shock on veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"10","author":"Renaudier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib105","first-page":"230","article-title":"Nutritional support in adult patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"12","author":"Lukas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Resusc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.06.054","article-title":"Nutritional support in postcardiotomy shock extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients: a prospective, observational study","volume":"244","author":"Hunt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib107","first-page":"183","article-title":"Nutrition therapy in adult patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a prospective, multicentre, observational study","volume":"17","author":"Ridley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Resusc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A295","DOI":"10.1186\/2197-425X-3-S1-A295","article-title":"An international survey of nutrition practices in adult patients receiving veno-venous ECMO","volume":"3","author":"Bear","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med Exp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.01.012","article-title":"Adequacy of nutrition support during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"38","author":"MacGowan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjon.2025.08.007","article-title":"Constipation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: incidence and risk factors","volume":"28","author":"Narita","year":"2025","journal-title":"JTCVS Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003317","article-title":"Early enteral nutrition and gastrointestinal complications in pediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"74","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-025-01458-8","article-title":"Optimising fluid therapy during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: current evidence and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Jendoubi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000001045","article-title":"Early decompressive laparotomy for intra-abdominal hypertension following initiation of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"66","author":"Boulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"ASAIO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-2782-1","article-title":"A clinician's guide to management of intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome in critically ill patients","volume":"24","author":"De Laet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-2906-z","article-title":"Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome: updated consensus definitions and clinical practice guidelines from the world society of the abdominal compartment syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14030855","article-title":"Prevalence, predictors and decompressive laparotomy in abdominal compartment syndrome in patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"14","author":"Lubnow","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2169-9","article-title":"Prevalence of intra-abdominal hypertension in critically ill patients: a multicentre epidemiological study","volume":"30","author":"Malbrain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2018.07.024","article-title":"Decompressive laparotomy for the treatment of the abdominal compartment syndrome during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support","volume":"47","author":"Glowka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003623","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of intra-abdominal hypertension in critically ill patients\u2014A prospective multicenter study (IROI study)","volume":"47","author":"Reintam Blaser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12409","article-title":"Early screening to identify patients at risk of developing intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Iyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib81","first-page":"138","article-title":"Diarrhea in the critically ill: definitions, epidemiology, risk factors and outcomes","volume":"29","author":"Dionne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib83","first-page":"172","article-title":"[analysis of risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and establishment of a predictive model]","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1051\/ject\/2025061","article-title":"Incidence and pathophysiology of gastrointestinal bleeding during mechanical circulatory support: a retrospective analysis using machine learning algorithms","volume":"58","author":"Gore","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Extra Corpor Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib86","first-page":"373","article-title":"Nutritional support in the cardiac intensive care unit","volume":"13","author":"Frederiks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2023.05.045","article-title":"On-Support and postweaning mortality in postcardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"116","author":"Mariani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001405","article-title":"Malnutrition and cachexia in inpatients with acute cardiac conditions: a scientific statement from the American heart association","volume":"153","author":"Vest","year":"2026","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.015","article-title":"Development of the gastrointestinal dysfunction score (GIDS) for critically ill patients \u2013 a prospective multicenter observational study (iSOFA study)","volume":"40","author":"Reintam Blaser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1679","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in critical illness: a review of scoring tools","volume":"44","author":"Asrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2687","article-title":"Gastrointestinal ultrasound in the critically ill: a narrative review and a proposal for a protocol","volume":"48","author":"Mihnovits","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2473","article-title":"Gastric ultrasound, citrulline, and intestinal fatty acid\u2013binding protein as markers of gastrointestinal dysfunction in critically ill patients: a pilot prospective cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Onuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10534-9","article-title":"Early detection of mesenteric ischemia in critically ill patients following cardiac surgery","volume":"15","author":"Taghiyev","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98012-w","article-title":"Accuracy of citrulline, I-FABP and d-lactate in the diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia","volume":"11","author":"Nuzzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14246","article-title":"Risk factors of pediatric venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-related gastrointestinal bleeding after open-heart surgeries","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Artif Organs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.70018","article-title":"Association between parenteral nutrition and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit dysfunction in critically ill adults requiring extracorporeal life support: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Linares-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1671629","article-title":"Efficacy of multimodal rehabilitation strategies on gastrointestinal function recovery in postoperative aortic dissection patients: a narrative review","volume":"16","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Physiol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0261561426002037?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0261561426002037?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:34:09Z","timestamp":1789828449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0261561426002037"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["S0261561426002037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776","relation":{},"ISSN":["0261-5614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0261-5614","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gastrointestinal complications in patients supported by venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106776","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106776"}}