{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:38:52Z","timestamp":1792719532425,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalnutritionjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:14:01Z","timestamp":1791645241000},"page":"106818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Zinc supplementation counteracts the age-related impairment of interferon-\u03b1 response by reconstituting basal interferon Regulatory factor 3 levels"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Michael Tobias","family":"Schulz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Schoofs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Jakobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Klingeleers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo Cornelius","family":"Bollheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5658-2893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lothar","family":"Rink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-03021-8","article-title":"Aging, longevity, and healthy aging: the public health approach","volume":"37","author":"Gianfredi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101351","article-title":"Fostering healthy aging: the interdependency of infections, immunity and frailty","volume":"69","author":"Vetrano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00437-1","article-title":"Ageing and infection","volume":"2","author":"Gavazzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-019-0164-9","article-title":"Immunosenescence and human vaccine immune responses","volume":"16","author":"Crooke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-020-0173-8","article-title":"Contributions of age-related thymic involution to immunosenescence and inflammaging","volume":"17","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"issue":"7844","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2918-0","article-title":"Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"590","author":"O'Driscoll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2020.52.2.154","article-title":"Age-Related morbidity and mortality among patients with COVID-19","volume":"52","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.873232","article-title":"Comparison by Age of the local interferon response to SARS-CoV-2 suggests a role for IFN-\u03b5 and -\u03c9","volume":"13","author":"Pierangeli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e11724","article-title":"Airways tissue expression of type I interferons and their stimulated genes is higher in children than adults","volume":"8","author":"Saheb Sharif-Askari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1994.14.105","article-title":"Influence of various factors on Interferon-\u03b1 production in cultures of human leukocytes","volume":"14","author":"Katschinski","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Interferon Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-010-9374-9","article-title":"Influenza-Induced production of Interferon-Alpha is defective in geriatric individuals","volume":"30","author":"Canaday","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-42667-5_2","article-title":"Micronutrients that affect immunosenescence","volume":"1260","author":"Abiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1437S","article-title":"Function and mechanism of zinc metalloenzymes","volume":"130","author":"McCall","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2016.03.022","article-title":"Zinc and immunity: an essential interrelation","volume":"611","author":"Maares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/58.5.690","article-title":"Zinc absorption in healthy elderly humans and the effect of diet","volume":"58","author":"Couzy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5S Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367s","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1367S","article-title":"Zinc intake of the U.S. population: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994","volume":"130","author":"Briefel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061961","article-title":"Polypharmacy and malnutrition management of elderly perioperative patients with cancer: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Kose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.013474","article-title":"Nutritional considerations for healthy aging and reduction in age-related chronic disease","volume":"8","author":"Shlisky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.6.1803","article-title":"High dietary calcium intakes reduce zinc absorption and balance in humans","volume":"65","author":"Wood","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12040","article-title":"Pharmaco-nutrient interactions - a systematic review of zinc and antihypertensive therapy","volume":"67","author":"Braun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib21","first-page":"216","article-title":"Effect of omeprazole on plasma zinc levels after oral zinc administration","volume":"21","author":"Ozutemiz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib22","first-page":"243","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors interfere with zinc absorption and zinc body stores","volume":"4","author":"Farrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib23","series-title":"Nationale Verzehrsstudie II\u2014Lebensmittelverzehr und Naehrstoffzufuhr auf Basis von 24h-Recalls","author":"Krems","year":"2013"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib24","first-page":"3844","article-title":"Allergies. Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for zinc","volume":"12","year":"2014","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-025-00511-1","article-title":"Zinc deficiency as possible link between immunosenescence and age-related diseases","volume":"22","author":"Schulz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/17.1.42","article-title":"A study of zinc status of elderly institutionalized patients","volume":"17","author":"Stafford","year":"1988","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.15537\/1658-3175.5262","article-title":"Very high prevalence of zinc deficiency in elderly hospitalized patients in Ahvaz, Iran","volume":"32","author":"Jalali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-010-0045-0","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in antiviral immunity and autoimmunity","volume":"53","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.02.017","article-title":"RIG-I in RNA virus recognition","volume":"479\u2013480","author":"Kell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00778","article-title":"Sources of type I interferons in infectious immunity: plasmacytoid dendritic cells not always in the driver's seat","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.05.003","article-title":"Immune signaling by RIG-I-like receptors","volume":"34","author":"Loo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.03.040","article-title":"The cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway of cytosolic DNA sensing and signaling","volume":"54","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1863","article-title":"The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on toll-like receptors","volume":"11","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115026","article-title":"Regulation of IRF3 activation in human antiviral signaling pathways","volume":"200","author":"Al Hamrashdi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4201-3","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b1 mediates human beta cell HLA class I overexpression, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis, three hallmarks of early human type 1 diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Marroqui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2023.104732","article-title":"Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) in antiviral defence in fish and mammals","volume":"145","author":"Chaumont","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.07.167","article-title":"2\u2032-5\u2032-Oligoadenylate synthetase is activated by a specific RNA sequence motif","volume":"388","author":"Kodym","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"5585","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/264477a0","article-title":"Interferon-mediated protein kinase and low-molecular-weight inhibitor of protein synthesis","volume":"264","author":"Roberts","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7073","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04369","article-title":"Specificity in toll-like receptor signalling through distinct effector functions of TRAF3 and TRAF6","volume":"439","author":"H\u00e4cker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1118","article-title":"Interferon-alpha induction through toll-like receptors involves a direct interaction of IRF7 with MyD88 and TRAF6","volume":"5","author":"Kawai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-2187-8-7","article-title":"TRAF molecules in cell signaling and in human diseases","volume":"8","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mol Signal"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121286","article-title":"Zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function","volume":"9","author":"Wessels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz013","article-title":"The role of zinc in antiviral immunity","volume":"10","author":"Read","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1997.17.469","article-title":"Zinc supplementation reconstitutes the production of interferon-alpha by leukocytes from elderly persons","volume":"17","author":"Cakman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-022-00295-8","article-title":"Short-term zinc supplementation of zinc-deficient seniors counteracts CREM\u03b1 - mediated IL-2 suppression","volume":"19","author":"Baarz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.06.010","article-title":"Zinc supplementation among zinc-deficient vegetarians and vegans restores antiviral interferon-\u03b1 response by upregulating interferon regulatory factor 3","volume":"51","author":"Vallboehmer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.02.020","article-title":"A short 18 items food frequency questionnaire biochemically validated to estimate zinc status in humans","volume":"49","author":"Trame","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2023.127132","article-title":"Calculating zinc uptake by Zinc-APP","volume":"77","author":"Trame","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.115188","article-title":"Effect of zinc supplementation on serum zinc concentration and T cell proliferation in nursing home elderly: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"103","author":"Barnett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4269","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244269","article-title":"Comparative absorption and bioavailability of various chemical forms of zinc in humans: a narrative review","volume":"16","author":"Devarshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib51","series-title":"Aulton's pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines","author":"Aulton","year":"2013"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib52","first-page":"768","article-title":"Zinc: an essential micronutrient","volume":"79","author":"Saper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199937030-00003","article-title":"Effects of food on clinical pharmacokinetics","volume":"37","author":"Singh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050051","article-title":"A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people","volume":"173","author":"Rockwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"CMAJ (Can Med Assoc J)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-213357","article-title":"Zinc supplementation ameliorates lung injury by reducing neutrophil recruitment and activity","volume":"75","author":"Wessels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27230G","article-title":"Methods of assessment of zinc status in humans: a systematic review234","volume":"89","author":"Lowe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06259-y","article-title":"Short-term oral zinc supplementation enhances Natural Killer cell functionality and decreases circulating Innate Lymphoid Cell counts and frequencies in healthy young adults","volume":"23","author":"Amling","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)03581-1","article-title":"Zinc levels of hospitalized elderly","volume":"85","author":"Paterson","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2008.00914.x","article-title":"Zinc deficiency among the elderly attending a care centre in Sharpeville, South Africa","volume":"21","author":"Oldewage-Theron","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4943(01)00186-8","article-title":"Prevalence of zinc deficiency and its clinical relevance among hospitalised elderly","volume":"33","author":"Pepersack","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2023.2275922","article-title":"The prevalence, risk factors and clinical implications of dehydration in older patients: a cross-sectional study","volume":"79","author":"Atciyurt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Clin Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101541","article-title":"Rebalancing the unbalanced aged immune system \u2013 a special focus on zinc","volume":"74","author":"Baarz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/50.6.1457","article-title":"Determination of zinc and copper absorption at three dietary Zn-Cu ratios by using stable isotope methods in young adult and elderly subjects","volume":"50","author":"August","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041330","article-title":"Polypharmacy prevalence among older Adults Based on the Survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe: an update","volume":"14","author":"Bonanno","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27021039","article-title":"Zinc supplementation partially reconstitutes impaired Interferon-\u03b3 production in the elderly","volume":"27","author":"Olah","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-010-9374-9","article-title":"Influenza-induced production of interferon-alpha is defective in geriatric individuals","volume":"30","author":"Canaday","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib67","series-title":"Robert Koch-Institut","year":"2026"},{"issue":"6515","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4585","article-title":"Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19","volume":"370","author":"Bastard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2023.100219","article-title":"Role of autoantibodies targeting interferon type 1 in COVID-19 severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Akbari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Translational Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4225","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-01892-3","article-title":"Impaired early type I interferon responses to influenza virus infection in aged mice are associated with subsequent increased pulmonary inflammation","volume":"48","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22307-9","article-title":"Vitamin D enhances type I IFN signaling in COVID-19 patients","volume":"12","author":"Hafezi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114523002398","article-title":"Selenium status and its determinants in very old adults: insights from the Newcastle 85+ Study","volume":"131","author":"Perri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0282-y","article-title":"Selenium deficiency downregulates selenoproteins and suppresses immune function in chicken thymus","volume":"167","author":"Khoso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2018.12.002","article-title":"Dietary selenium supplementation enhances antiviral immunity in chickens challenged with low pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H9N2","volume":"207","author":"Shojadoost","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(74)90187-1","article-title":"Identification of biological activities of paramyxovirus glycoproteins. Activation of cell fusion, hemolysis, and infectivity by proteolytic cleavage of an inactive precursor protein of Sendai virus","volume":"57","author":"Scheid","year":"1974","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib76","first-page":"1162","article-title":"Type I interferon is induced by hemolysis and drives antibody-mediated erythrophagocytosis in sickle cell disease","volume":"138","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.07.005","article-title":"Retrospective multicenter cohort Study shows early interferon therapy is associated with favorable clinical responses in COVID-19 patients","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-005-1319-7","article-title":"Side effects of Interferon-\u03b1 therapy","volume":"27","author":"Sleijfer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharm World Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.3.837","article-title":"Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress","volume":"85","author":"Prasad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-2916-1","article-title":"Evaluation of hospital outcomes: the relation between length-of-stay, readmission, and mortality in a large international administrative database","volume":"18","author":"Lingsma","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9649","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199649","article-title":"Healthcare-Associated infections (HAIs) in the elderly: molecular mechanisms of immunosenescence and clinical, nutritional and therapeutic implications","volume":"26","author":"Moffa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112134","article-title":"Polypharmacy and malnutrition in older people: a narrative review","volume":"115","author":"Zanetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040910","article-title":"Malnutrition in hospitalized old patients: screening and diagnosis, clinical outcomes, and management","volume":"14","author":"Bellanti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"509","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aan2392","article-title":"Aging impairs both primary and secondary RIG-I signaling for interferon induction in human monocytes","volume":"10","author":"Molony","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)00053-4","article-title":"Distinct and essential roles of transcription factors IRF-3 and IRF-7 in response to viruses for IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2 gene induction","volume":"13","author":"Sato","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1021\/pr050361j","article-title":"Counting the zinc-proteins encoded in the human genome","volume":"5","author":"Andreini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2007.04.022","article-title":"Structure of IRF-3 bound to the PRDIII-I regulatory element of the human interferon-\u03b2 enhancer","volume":"26","author":"Escalante","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2022.111625","article-title":"Dietary zinc deficiency disrupts skeletal muscle proteostasis and mitochondrial biology in rats","volume":"98","author":"Reddy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.03.009","article-title":"Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate-zinc(II) and -copper(II) complexes induce apoptosis in tumor cells by inhibiting the proteasomal activity","volume":"231","author":"Milacic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2004.04.017","article-title":"Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and zinc inhibit proteasome-dependent proteolysis","volume":"298","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.111030","article-title":"Small heat shock protein HSPB5 uses disorder to bind zinc with high affinity","volume":"302","author":"Janowska","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1089\/104454999314962","article-title":"Cloning and functional analysis of the Human IRF-3 promoter","volume":"18","author":"Lowther","year":"1999","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2012.03.011","article-title":"Transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3 regulate basal transcription of the human IRF-3 gene","volume":"94","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28061","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M414134200","article-title":"Transcriptional activity of Sp1 is regulated by molecular interactions between the zinc finger DNA binding domain and the inhibitory domain with corepressors, and this interaction is modulated by MEK","volume":"280","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20305","article-title":"Specificity of transcriptional regulation by the zinc finger transcription factors Sp1, Sp3, and Egr-1","volume":"94","author":"Al-Sarraj","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1583956","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with nano-zinc modulates the expression of the antiviral immune gene IRF3: a novel report","volume":"16","author":"Tah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0261561426002451?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0261561426002451?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:19:08Z","timestamp":1792718348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0261561426002451"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["S0261561426002451"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818","relation":{},"ISSN":["0261-5614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0261-5614","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Zinc supplementation counteracts the age-related impairment of interferon-\u03b1 response by reconstituting basal interferon Regulatory factor 3 levels","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106818","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106818"}}