{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:34:41Z","timestamp":1791308081091,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicaloncologyonline.net","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,6]],"date-time":"2009-05-06T04:33:31Z","timestamp":1241584411000},"page":"451-463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Diagnosis and Staging of Lung and Pleural Malignancy \u2014 an Overview of Tissue Sampling Techniques and the Implications for Pathological Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"T.D.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.A.H.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2006.038901","article-title":"Endobronchial ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration and liquid-based thin-layer cytology","volume":"60","author":"Wallace","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib4","series-title":"WHO classification of tumours \u2013 pathology and genetics of tumours of the lungs, pleura, thymus and heart","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib5","first-page":"625","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of flexible bronchoscopic procedures in lung cancer patients according to tumour location","volume":"48","author":"Liam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.4.1049","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of fibre optic bronchoscopy in evaluating solitary pulmonary nodules","volume":"117","author":"Baaklini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.69.6.752","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy in lung cancer; comparison of techniques used in association with flexible fibre optic bronchoscopy","volume":"69","author":"Kvale","year":"1976","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2001.1051","article-title":"Value and accuracy of cytology in addition to histology in the diagnosis of lung cancer at flexible bronchoscopy","volume":"95","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.1999.0773","article-title":"Scottish National Bronchoscopy Audit: a prospective multicentre study of 3316 cases against agreed standards. Scottish Thoracic Society","volume":"94","author":"McLean","year":"2000","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib10","series-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer: an evidence-based guide for the practicing clinician","first-page":"54","article-title":"Sensitivity of bronchoscopy in diagnosis of lung cancer (Table 4\u20138)","author":"Detterbeck","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.1_suppl.115S","article-title":"Performance characteristics of different modalities for diagnosis of suspected lung cancer: summary of published evidence","volume":"123","author":"Schreiber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib12","series-title":"Management of patients with lung cancer \u2013 a national clinical guideline","author":"Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5002(00)00229-4","article-title":"Diagnostic results before and after introduction of autofluorescence bronchoscopy in patients suspected of having lung cancer detected by sputum cytology in lung cancer mass screening","volume":"32","author":"Sato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s11748-008-0249-4","article-title":"Role of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in the management of lung cancer","volume":"56","author":"Yasufuku","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib15","series-title":"Practice guideline \u2013 histopathology of limited or no clinical value","author":"Royal College of Pathologists","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2342031423","article-title":"Small (<\/=2 cm) subpleural pulmonary lesions: short- versus long-needle-path CT-guided biopsy \u2013 comparison of diagnostic yields and complications","volume":"234","author":"Gupta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.175.1.1750239","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of CT-guided automated needle biopsy of lung nodules","volume":"175","author":"Tsukada","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.167.1.8659351","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy and safety of CT-guided percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy of the lung: comparison of small and large pulmonary nodules","volume":"167","author":"Li","year":"1996","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-004-2250-3","article-title":"Factors influencing accuracy of CT-guided percutaneous biopsies of pulmonary lesions","volume":"14","author":"Montaudon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.1.147","article-title":"Usefulness of new automated cutting needle for tissue-core biopsy of lung nodules under CT fluoroscopic guidance","volume":"124","author":"Yamagami","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2253011465","article-title":"CT guided percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy of small (< or = 1-cm) pulmonary lesions","volume":"225","author":"Wallace","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.4.926","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided aspiration biopsy of small peripheral pulmonary nodules","volume":"101","author":"Yuan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920515)69:10<2553::AID-CNCR2820691027>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Ultrasonographically guided biopsy of thoracic tumours. A comparison of large-bore cutting biopsy with fine needle aspiration","volume":"69","author":"Yang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.169.3.9275873","article-title":"Routine addition of an automated biopsy device to fine-needle aspiration of the lung: a prospective assessment","volume":"169","author":"Boiselle","year":"1997","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200602-160OC","article-title":"Diagnostic percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy does not affect survival in stage I lung cancer","volume":"174","author":"Wisnivesky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2006.0027","article-title":"CT-guided thoracic core biopsies: value of a negative result","volume":"6","author":"Quint","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.49.10.839","article-title":"Immediate assessment of fine needle aspiration cytology of lung","volume":"49","author":"Stewart","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.2.423","article-title":"CT-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology of solitary pulmonary nodules: a prospective, randomised study of immediate cytologic evaluation","volume":"112","author":"Santambrogio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(03)00221-6","article-title":"CT-guided lung biopsy: factors influencing diagnostic yield and complication rate","volume":"58","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.73.868.10844858","article-title":"Cutting needle biopsy in the diagnosis of clinically suspected non-carcinomatous disease of the lung","volume":"73","author":"Bungay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19980625)84:3<144::AID-CNCR4>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Percutaneous core cutting needle biopsy compared with fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of peripheral lung malignant lesions: results in 156 patients","volume":"84","author":"Greif","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2303.2001.00351.x","article-title":"A comparative study: conventional preparation and ThinPrep 2000 in respiratory cytology","volume":"12","author":"Rana","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1159\/000326639","article-title":"Sputum cytology for the diagnosis of lung cancer. Comparison of smear and modified cell block methods","volume":"47","author":"Erkilic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2001.1173","article-title":"Induced sputum in the diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer not visible endoscopically","volume":"95","author":"Agusti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e318158d488","article-title":"Detection of lung cancer by automated sputum cytometry","volume":"2","author":"Kemp","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.50.7.566","article-title":"Sputum cytology: a limited role","volume":"50","author":"Gledhill","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2303.2002.00440.x","article-title":"Efficacy and pattern of use of sputum cytology as a diagnostic test","volume":"13","author":"Murray","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib38","author":"National Institute of Clinical Excellence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.10065","article-title":"Increase of sensitivity of sputum cytology using high resolution image cytometry: field study results","volume":"50","author":"Palcic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e318158eed4","article-title":"The impact of genetic markers on the diagnosis of lung cancer: a current perspective","volume":"2","author":"Chorostowska-Wynimko","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(02)04164-4","article-title":"Diagnostic thoracoscopic lung biopsy: an outpatient experience","volume":"74","author":"Chang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s004649900613","article-title":"Video-assisted thoracic surgery. Staging and management of thoracic tumours","volume":"12","author":"Rau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2007.09.055","article-title":"Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy (VATS), open thoracotomy, and the robot for lung cancer","volume":"85","author":"Flores","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(93)90339-J","article-title":"Thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of the indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodule","volume":"56","author":"Mack","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(05)80035-2","article-title":"Diagnosing the indeterminate pulmonary nodule: percutaneous biopsy versus thoracoscopy","volume":"118","author":"Mitruka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.5858\/2005-129-1602-FSOLS","article-title":"Frozen section of lung specimens","volume":"129","author":"Sienko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2004.05.003","article-title":"Frozen sections diagnosis of small pulmonary nodules: accuracy and clinical implications","volume":"78","author":"Marchevsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib48","first-page":"83","article-title":"Utility of intraoperative frozen section examination in thoracic surgery. A review of 721 cases","volume":"47","author":"Sirmali","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib49","unstructured":"Web-based guide to immunohistochemistry. E-immunohistochemistry.info."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pai.0000168593.35850.9c","article-title":"Immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptor in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Lau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib51","series-title":"Rosai and Ackerman's surgical pathology","first-page":"459","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.48.6.632","article-title":"Percutaneous needle biopsy of the mediastinum: review of 94 procedures","volume":"48","author":"Morrissey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2008.03088.x","article-title":"Interobserver variation in the classification of thymic tumours \u2013 a multicentre study using the WHO classification system","volume":"53","author":"Verghese","year":"2008","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.47.5.337","article-title":"Pathological assessment of mediastinal lymph nodes in lung cancer: implications for non-invasive mediastinal staging","volume":"47","author":"Kerr","year":"1992","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djm232","article-title":"18Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer: a systematic review","volume":"99","author":"Ung","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1360","article-title":"Non-invasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer: ACCP evidence based clinical practice guidelines, 2nd ed","volume":"132","author":"Silvestri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JTO.0000269738.13586.fd","article-title":"The importance of accurate lymph node staging in early and locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: an update on available techniques","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SLA.0000081086.37779.1a","article-title":"Current concepts in the mediastinal lymph node staging of non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"238","author":"Kramer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.1_suppl.167S","article-title":"Lung cancer. Invasive staging: the guidelines","volume":"123","author":"Detterbeck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5002(97)00065-2","article-title":"Does the use of immunohistochemistry to identify micrometastases provide useful information in the staging of node-negative non-small cell lung carcinomas?","volume":"18","author":"Nicholson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2006.10.026","article-title":"The transcervical extended mediastinal lymphadenectomy versus cervical mediastinoscopy in non-small cell lung cancer staging","volume":"31","author":"Kuzdzal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00095404","article-title":"Endobronchial and endoscopic ultrasound-guided real-time fine-needle aspiration for mediastinal staging","volume":"25","author":"Rintoul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S80","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-946662","article-title":"Competition for EUS (a) EBUS-TBNA (b) video assisted thoracoscopy","volume":"38","author":"Lennon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2004.06.089","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of mediastinal lymph node in patients with suspected lung cancer after positron emission tomography and computed tomography scans","volume":"79","author":"Eloubeidi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8357","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.01.1965","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer and its impact on surgical staging","volume":"23","author":"Annema","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1159\/000075210","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of transbronchial histology needle aspiration in patients with mediastinal lymph node enlargement","volume":"70","author":"Hermens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2004.10.002","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound guided biopsy versus mediastinoscopy for analysis of paratracheal and subcarinal lymph nodes in lung cancer staging","volume":"48","author":"Larsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.8.931","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound added to mediastinoscopy for preoperative staging of patients with lung cancer","volume":"294","author":"Annema","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-870276","article-title":"Transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) and endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) biopsy: a combined approach in the evaluation of mediastinal lesions","volume":"37","author":"Vilmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-2105","article-title":"Real-time endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in mediastinal staging of non-small cell lung cancer: how many aspirations per target lymph node station?","volume":"134","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.5.540","article-title":"Minimally invasive endoscopic staging of suspected lung cancer","volume":"299","author":"Wallace","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2005.02331.x","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of immunohistochemical markers used in the diagnosis of epithelioid mesothelioma: a detailed systematic analysis using published data","volume":"48","author":"King","year":"2006","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.20200","article-title":"The value of ThinPrep and cytospin preparation in pleural effusion cytological diagnosis of mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Ylagan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.20391","article-title":"Comparison of three cytologic preparation methods and immunocytochemistries to distinguish adenocarcinoma cells from reactive mesothelial cells in serous effusion","volume":"34","author":"Ueda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(99)80257-8","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of malignant pleural effusions","volume":"170","author":"Fenton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2005.05.088","article-title":"Can we improve the cytologic examination of malignant pleural effusions using molecular analysis?","volume":"80","author":"Brock","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.1.106","article-title":"The role of cytologic evaluation of pleural fluid in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma","volume":"111","author":"Renshaw","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2008.03099.x","article-title":"The comparative accuracy of different pleural biopsy techniques in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma","volume":"53","author":"Attanoos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.6.1549","article-title":"The role of Abrams percutaneous pleural biopsy in the investigation of exudative pleural effusions","volume":"129","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(05)80331-2","article-title":"Audit of pleural biopsies: an argument for a pleural biopsy service","volume":"88","author":"Walsh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13079-6","article-title":"Standard pleural biopsy versus CT-guided cutting-needle biopsy for diagnosis of malignant disease in pleural effusions: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"361","author":"Maskell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2006.05.002","article-title":"Image-guided pleural biopsy: diagnostic yield and complications","volume":"61","author":"Benamore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.120.6.1798","article-title":"Percutaneous image-guided cutting needle biopsy of the pleura in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma","volume":"120","author":"Adams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2412051020","article-title":"Pleural mesothelioma: sensitivity and incidence of needle track seeding after image-guided biopsy versus surgical biopsy","volume":"241","author":"Agarwal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.3.1017","article-title":"Predictors of pleural malignancy in patients with pleural effusion undergoing thoracoscopy","volume":"127","author":"Ferrer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930715)72:2<389::AID-CNCR2820720213>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Thoracoscopy in pleural malignant mesothelioma: a prospective study of 188 consecutive patients. Part 1: Diagnosis","volume":"72","author":"Boutin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23034","article-title":"Accuracy of pleural biopsy using thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of histologic subtype in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma","volume":"110","author":"Greillier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2004.05.007","article-title":"Pleural biopsy: a reliable method for determining the diagnosis but not subtype in mesothelioma","volume":"78","author":"Bueno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.029223","article-title":"Ultrasound guided cytological aspiration of supraclavicular lymph nodes in patients with suspected lung cancer","volume":"60","author":"Kumaran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib90","series-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer: an evidence-based guide for the practicing clinician","first-page":"94","article-title":"Extrathoracic staging","author":"Detterbeck","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0748-7983(03)00159-8","article-title":"CT-scan, MRI and image-guided FNA cytology of incidental adrenal masses","volume":"29","author":"Lumachi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(94)70106-7","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of unilateral adrenal masses in patients with operable non-small cell lung cancer. Impact of magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"107","author":"Burt","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.20273","article-title":"Sampling of the adrenal glands by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration","volume":"33","author":"Stelow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1053\/crad.2002.1054","article-title":"Predictive value of benign percutaneous adrenal biopsies in oncology patients","volume":"57","author":"Harisinghani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(99)00047-0","article-title":"Is computed tomography guided biopsy still necessary for the diagnosis of adrenal masses in patients with resectable non-small-cell lung cancer?","volume":"15","author":"Porte","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006_bib96","first-page":"2058","article-title":"18F-FDG PET in evaluation of adrenal lesions in patients with lung cancer","volume":"45","author":"Kumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"}],"container-title":["Clinical Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0936655509001125?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0936655509001125?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T15:34:30Z","timestamp":1760542470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0936655509001125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0936655509001125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0936-6555"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0936-6555","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diagnosis and Staging of Lung and Pleural Malignancy \u2014 an Overview of Tissue Sampling Techniques and the Implications for Pathological Assessment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Oncology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clon.2009.03.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2009 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}