{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T08:55:15Z","timestamp":1790067315620,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]],"date-time":"2011-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]],"date-time":"2011-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicaloncologyonline.net","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,6]],"date-time":"2011-02-06T04:10:08Z","timestamp":1296965408000},"page":"244-250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Medical Exposure to Radiation and Thyroid Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"S.J.","family":"Schonfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Berrington de Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib1","first-page":"525","article-title":"International patterns and trends in thyroid cancer incidence, 1973\u20132002","volume":"20","author":"Kilfoy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.09.161","article-title":"Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer: is diagnostic scrutiny the sole explanation?","volume":"6","author":"Ward","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2008.0342","article-title":"A birth cohort analysis of the incidence of papillary thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973\u20132004","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib4","first-page":"75","article-title":"Risk factors for thyroid cancer: an epidemiological review focused on nutritional factors","volume":"20","author":"Dal Maso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib5","series-title":"Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation: Volume I: Sources - Report to the General Assembly Scientific Annexes A and B","author":"United Nations","year":"2008"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0003","article-title":"Exposing the thyroid to radiation: a review of its current extent, risks, and implications","volume":"31","author":"Sinnott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib7","series-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC Cancer Base No. 10 [database on the Internet]","author":"GLOBOCAN 2008","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25516","article-title":"Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008","volume":"127","author":"Ferlay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2010.05.004","article-title":"Thyroid cancer epidemiology and prognostic variables","volume":"22","author":"Sipos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0960","article-title":"Rising thyroid cancer incidence in the United States by demographic and tumor characteristics, 1980\u20132005","volume":"18","author":"Enewold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24416","article-title":"Increasing incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer in the United States, 1988\u20132005","volume":"115","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib12","series-title":"Cancer epidemiology and prevention","first-page":"260","article-title":"Ionizing radiation","author":"Boice","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2307\/3579003","article-title":"Thyroid cancer after exposure to external radiation: a pooled analysis of seven studies","volume":"141","author":"Ron","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0763.1","article-title":"Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors: 1958\u20131998","volume":"168","author":"Preston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2240.1","article-title":"Risk of second primary thyroid cancer after radiotherapy for a childhood cancer in a large cohort study: an update from the childhood cancer survivor study","volume":"174","author":"Bhatti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib16","series-title":"scientific committee 1\u20138 on risk to the thyroid from ionizing radiation. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. risk to the thyroid from ionizing radiation","author":"National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2532082010","article-title":"Radiologic and nuclear medicine studies in the United States and worldwide: frequency, radiation dose, and comparison with other radiation sources \u2013 1950\u20132007","volume":"253","author":"Mettler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib18","series-title":"Scientific Committee 6\u20132 on Radiation Exposure of the U.S. Population. Ionizing radiation exposure of the population of the united states: recommendations of the national council on radiation protection and measurements","author":"National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2481071451","article-title":"Effective doses in radiology and diagnostic nuclear medicine: a catalog","volume":"248","author":"Mettler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/87.21.1613","article-title":"Medical diagnostic x rays and thyroid cancer","volume":"87","author":"Inskip","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3109\/02841861003705778","article-title":"Dental x-rays and the risk of thyroid cancer: a case-control study","volume":"49","author":"Memon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-009-1392-5","article-title":"Image gently, step lightly: increasing radiation dose awareness in pediatric interventional radiology","volume":"39","author":"Sidhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-006-0192-4","article-title":"Practice of ALARA in the pediatric interventional suite","volume":"36","author":"Connolly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/20\/4\/301","article-title":"CT scanning: patterns of use and dose","volume":"20","author":"Mettler","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Radiol Prot"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib25","series-title":"Imaging and radiodiagnostics 09\/10","year":"2010"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-008-1026-3","article-title":"Children\u2019s exposure to diagnostic medical radiation and cancer risk: epidemiologic and dosimetric considerations","volume":"39","author":"Linet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib27","first-page":"109","article-title":"Radiation risks from pediatric computed tomography scanning","volume":"7","author":"Chodick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-005-0091-0","article-title":"The utilization of pediatric computed tomography in a large Israeli health maintenance organization","volume":"36","author":"Chodick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.3682","article-title":"Has pediatric CT at children\u2019s hospitals reached its peak?","volume":"194","author":"Townsend","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJR Am J\u00a0Roentgenol"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.440","article-title":"Projected cancer risks from computed tomographic scans performed in the United States in 2007","volume":"169","author":"Berrington de Gonzalez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.4.951","article-title":"Computed tomography and radiation risks: what pediatric health care providers should know","volume":"112","author":"Frush","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"984","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/13320880","article-title":"Radiation dose evaluation in 64-slice CT examinations with adult and paediatric anthropomorphic phantoms","volume":"82","author":"Fujii","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-006-0417-9","article-title":"Thyroid dose from common head and neck CT examinations in children: is there an excess risk for thyroid cancer induction?","volume":"17","author":"Mazonakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib34","first-page":"584","article-title":"Excess lifetime cancer mortality risk attributable to radiation exposure from computed tomography examinations in children","volume":"9","author":"Chodick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib35","series-title":"Committee to assess health risks from exposure to low level of ionizing radiation. Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2","author":"National Research Council (U.S.)","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib36","series-title":"Analytica. 4.1","year":"2008"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2912178","article-title":"Hybrid computational phantoms of the 15-year male and female adolescent: applications to CT organ dosimetry for patients of variable morphometry","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/2\/002","article-title":"The UF family of reference hybrid phantoms for computational radiation dosimetry","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib39","series-title":"Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection: reference values","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection","year":"2003"},{"issue":"948","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/93277434","article-title":"National survey of doses from CT in the UK: 2003","volume":"79","author":"Shrimpton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-007-0743-3","article-title":"The \u2019Image Gently\u2019 campaign: increasing CT radiation dose awareness through a national education and awareness program","volume":"38","author":"Goske","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.4091","article-title":"Image gently: ten steps you can take to optimize image quality and lower CT dose for pediatric patients","volume":"194","author":"Strauss","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2009.09.002","article-title":"Secondary malignancies across the age spectrum","volume":"20","author":"Ng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4386","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.11.059","article-title":"High risk of subsequent neoplasms continues with extended follow-up of childhood Hodgkin\u2019s disease: report from the Late Effects Study Group","volume":"21","author":"Bhatia","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/mpo.1132","article-title":"Thyroid cancer after radiotherapy for childhood cancer","volume":"36","author":"Inskip","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Pediatr Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200307000-00011","article-title":"Cancer risks from medical radiation","volume":"85","author":"Ron","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Phys"}],"container-title":["Clinical Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0936655511001609?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0936655511001609?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T15:36:31Z","timestamp":1760542591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0936655511001609"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0936655511001609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159","relation":{},"ISSN":["0936-6555"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0936-6555","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Medical Exposure to Radiation and Thyroid Cancer","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Oncology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clon.2011.01.159","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2011 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}