{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:14:06Z","timestamp":1791288846576,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicaloncologyonline.net","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,10]],"date-time":"2011-09-10T16:07:46Z","timestamp":1315670866000},"page":"282-293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["The Management of Neuroendocrine Tumours: Current and Future Medical Therapy Options"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"K.E.","family":"\u00d6berg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.15.4377","article-title":"One hundred years after \u2018carcinoid\u2019: epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States","volume":"26","author":"Yao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23883","article-title":"Neuroendocrine tumor epidemiology: contrasting Norway and North America","volume":"113","author":"Hauso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000129342.67174.67","article-title":"Updated population-based review of carcinoid tumors","volume":"240","author":"Maggard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11105","article-title":"5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors","volume":"97","author":"Modlin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib5","first-page":"426","article-title":"Karzinoid tumoren des dunndarms","volume":"1","author":"Obendorfer","year":"1907","journal-title":"Frankfurter Z Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)90951-6","article-title":"The classification of carcinoid tumours","volume":"1","author":"Williams","year":"1963","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1294.002","article-title":"The gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine cell system and its tumors: the WHO classification","volume":"1014","author":"Kloppel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib8","first-page":"113","article-title":"Biology and treatment of metastatic gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"2","author":"Strosberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastrointest Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib9","series-title":"WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-006-0250-1","article-title":"TNM staging of foregut (neuro)endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system","volume":"449","author":"Rindi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.05.047","article-title":"Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: pancreatic endocrine tumors","volume":"135","author":"Metz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib12","first-page":"iv1","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (including carcinoid) tumours","volume":"54","author":"Ramage","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860310010547","article-title":"Carcinoid \u2014 a comprehensive review","volume":"42","author":"Schnirer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.2.600","article-title":"Octreotide acetate long-acting formulation versus open-label subcutaneous octreotide acetate in malignant carcinoid syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Rubin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0014","article-title":"The diagnosis and medical management of advanced neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"25","author":"Kaltsas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpa.0000363909.53692.01","article-title":"Health-related quality of life of patients with neuroendocrine tumor compared to the United States general population","volume":"39","author":"Beaumont","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(07)70410-2","article-title":"Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"9","author":"Modlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199903183401107","article-title":"Carcinoid tumors","volume":"340","author":"Kulke","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000111034","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for the management of patients with digestive neuroendocrine tumors: well-differentiated jejunal\u2013ileal tumor\/carcinoma","volume":"87","author":"Eriksson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib20","first-page":"S744","article-title":"A study to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor antagonist tocilizumab (TCZ) after 4 and 24 weeks in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) \u2013 final effectiveness results of the TAMARA study","volume":"62","author":"Feist","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1159\/000162876","article-title":"Chromogranin A as an alternative to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the evaluation of symptoms during treatment of patients with neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"89","author":"Korse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19990901)86:5<858::AID-CNCR23>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Chromogranin A, neuron specific enolase, carcinoembryonic antigen, and hydroxyindole acetic acid evaluation in patients with neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"86","author":"Bajetta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.24.2669","article-title":"Daily oral everolimus activity in patients with metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors after failure of cytotoxic chemotherapy: a phase II trial","volume":"28","author":"Yao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib24","first-page":"384","article-title":"(CgA): the influence of various factors in\u00a0vivo and in\u00a0vitro, and existing disorders on its concentration in blood","volume":"61","author":"Glinicki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endokrynoligia Polska"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-08-0017","article-title":"Prognostic factors of long-term outcome in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"15","author":"Pape","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Rel Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib26","series-title":"Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis\u00a0of disease","first-page":"797","article-title":"The gastrointestinal tract","author":"Liu","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1159\/000098012","article-title":"Well-differentiated pancreatic nonfunctioning tumors\/carcinoma","volume":"84","author":"Falconi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23469","article-title":"Functional imaging of neuroendocrine tumors with combined PET\/CT using 68Ga-DOTATATE (DOTA-DPhe1, Tyr3-octreotate) and 18F-FDG","volume":"112","author":"Kayani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1159\/000085237","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine gastrointestinal tumours: a consensus statement on behalf of the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS)","volume":"80","author":"Plockinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii104","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdn117","article-title":"Neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors: ESMO clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"19","author":"Oberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2005.12.008","article-title":"Therapeutic options for gastrointestinal carcinoids","volume":"4","author":"Modlin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib32","first-page":"1091","article-title":"Cytoreductive hepatic surgery for neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"108","author":"McEntee","year":"1990","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1159\/000111037","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for the management of patients with liver metastases from digestive (neuro)endocrine tumors: foregut, midgut, hindgut, and unknown primary","volume":"87","author":"Steinmuller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-002-6629-5","article-title":"Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of neuroendocrine liver metastases","volume":"26","author":"Berber","year":"2002","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1983.1.11.727","article-title":"Treatment of the carcinoid tumor and the malignant carcinoid syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Moertel","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.annonc.a058291","article-title":"Treatment with alpha-interferon versus alpha-interferon in combination with streptozocin and doxorubicin in patients with malignant carcinoid tumors: a randomized trial","volume":"3","author":"Janson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1992.372","article-title":"Recombinant interferon alpha-2b in patients with metastatic apudomas: effect on tumours and tumour markers","volume":"66","author":"Biesma","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4897","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.03.616","article-title":"Phase II\/III study of doxorubicin with fluorouracil compared with streptozocin with fluorouracil or dacarbazine in the treatment of advanced carcinoid tumors: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E1281","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1410590","article-title":"Differing effects on gall-bladder motility of lanreotide SR and octreotide LAR for treatment of acromegaly","volume":"141","author":"Turner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.03.6046","article-title":"Phase II study of temozolomide and thalidomide in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"24","author":"Kulke","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-2053","article-title":"Temozolomide as monotherapy is effective in treatment of advanced malignant neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"13","author":"Ekeblad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4762","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.04.024","article-title":"Fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and streptozocin in the treatment of patients with locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic endocrine carcinomas","volume":"22","author":"Kouvaraki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25425","article-title":"First-line chemotherapy with capecitabine and temozolomide in patients with metastatic pancreatic endocrine carcinomas","volume":"117","author":"Strosberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(03)00235-9","article-title":"Somatostatin receptors","volume":"1616","author":"Moller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdl105","article-title":"Rationale for the use of somatostatin analogs as antitumor agents","volume":"17","author":"Susini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198609113151102","article-title":"Treatment of the malignant carcinoid syndrome: evaluation of a long-acting somatostatin analogue","volume":"315","author":"Kvols","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J\u00a0Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198511073131916","article-title":"Rapid reversal of carcinoid crisis with a somatostatin analogue","volume":"313","author":"Kvols","year":"1985","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01420.x","article-title":"Sandostatin LAR (long-acting octreotide acetate) for malignant carcinoid syndrome: a 3-year experience","volume":"17","author":"Garland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1510107","article-title":"High-dose treatment with a long-acting somatostatin analogue in patients with advanced midgut carcinoid tumours","volume":"151","author":"Welin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1159\/000201396","article-title":"Somatostatin receptor imaging: predictive and prognostic considerations","volume":"57","author":"Anthony","year":"1996","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-07-0288","article-title":"Somatostatin analogues in the control of neuroendocrine tumours: efficacy and mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Grozinsky-Glasberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Related Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdj113","article-title":"Long-term clinical outcome of somatostatin analogues for treatment of progressive, metastatic, well-differentiated entero-pancreatic endocrine carcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Panzuto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.3.430","article-title":"Somatostatin analogue octreotide and inhibition of tumour growth in metastatic endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumours","volume":"38","author":"Arnold","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10195","article-title":"Prospective study of the antitumor efficacy of long-term octreotide treatment in patients with progressive metastatic gastrinoma","volume":"94","author":"Shojamanesh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19960115)77:2<402::AID-CNCR25>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of octreotide in the treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors: a study by the Italian Trials in Medical Oncology Group","volume":"77","author":"di Bartolomeo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930701)72:1<244::AID-CNCR2820720143>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Octreotide as an antineoplastic agent in the treatment of functional and nonfunctional neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"72","author":"Saltz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4656","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.22.8510","article-title":"Placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective, randomized study on the effect of octreotide LAR in the control of tumor growth in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine midgut tumors: a report from the PROMID Study Group","volume":"27","author":"Rinke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(01)00073-9","article-title":"Antitumour activity of somatostatin analogues in progressive metastatic neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"37","author":"Aparicio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib59","first-page":"152","article-title":"Neuroendocrine tumors: is there a standard treatment?","volume":"2","author":"Kulke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastrointest Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib60","unstructured":"Pavel ME, Heuck R, Plockinger U, et\u00a0al. Prospective randomized trial: biotherapy versus chemotherapy in malignant nonfunctional neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas and bronchial tract (ENET-1). Presented at 2008 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium; 25\u201327 January 2008, Orlando, Florida."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1159\/000082875","article-title":"Rapid and sustained relief from the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome: results from an open 6-month study of the 28-day prolonged-release formulation of lanreotide","volume":"80","author":"Ruszniewski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04174.x","article-title":"Review article: Somatostatin analogues in the treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumours","volume":"31","author":"Modlin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.12.142","volume":"21","author":"Faiss","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1159\/000080741","article-title":"Functional activity of the multiligand analog SOM230 at human recombinant somatostatin receptor subtypes supports its usefulness in neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"80","author":"Schmid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2007.09.006","article-title":"Pasireotide (SOM230): development, mechanism of action and potential applications","volume":"286","author":"Schmid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib66","first-page":"36","article-title":"Pre-clinical and clinical experiences with novel somatostatin ligands: advantages, disadvantages and new prospects","volume":"28","author":"Hofland","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib67","first-page":"P659","article-title":"Ligand-dependent internalization of somatostatin receptors","volume":"16","author":"van Vugt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Abstracts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/00000421-200008000-00020","article-title":"Long-acting depot lanreotide in the treatment of patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"23","author":"Ricci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1989.tb00436.x","article-title":"Resistance of metastatic pancreatic endocrine tumours after long-term treatment with the somatostatin analogue octreotide (SMS 201-995)","volume":"30","author":"Wynick","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-1-1","article-title":"Clinical review 23: the use of the long-acting somatostatin analog octreotide in the treatment of gut neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"73","author":"Wynick","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.4082","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of pasireotide (SOM230) in patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors refractory or resistant to octreotide LAR: results of a phase II study","volume":"24","author":"Kvols","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdh216","article-title":"Consensus report on the use of somatostatin analogs for the management of neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic system","volume":"15","author":"Oberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(05)00481-7","article-title":"Octreotide versus octreotide plus interferon-alpha in endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors: a randomized trial","volume":"3","author":"Arnold","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4149","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of the effect of interferon alpha on survival in patients with disseminated midgut carcinoid tumours","volume":"90","author":"Kolby","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23648","article-title":"Inherited pancreatic endocrine tumor syndromes: advances in molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and controversies","volume":"113","author":"Jensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-3554-2","article-title":"Antitumor efficacy of intermittent treatment schedules with the rapamycin derivative RAD001 correlates with prolonged inactivation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"64","author":"Boulay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"Suppl. 18","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10570","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.10570","article-title":"Expression and activation of mTOR in neuroendocrine tumors: effects of mTOR inhibition by RAD001 upon growth, cell cycle regulation and signaling in neuroendocrine cell lines","volume":"25","author":"Horsch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4311","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.16.7858","article-title":"Efficacy of RAD001 (everolimus) and octreotide LAR in advanced low- to intermediate-grade neuroendocrine tumors: results of a phase II trial","volume":"26","author":"Yao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib79","first-page":"4","article-title":"A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase III trial of everolimus + octreotide LAR vs placebo + octreotide in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors (NET) (RADIANT-2)","volume":"21","author":"Pavel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.01.005","article-title":"Cytotoxic treatment including embolization\/chemoembolization for neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"21","author":"Toumpanakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1009290","article-title":"Everolimus for advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"364","author":"Yao","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3403","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.15.9020","article-title":"Activity of sunitinib in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"26","author":"Kulke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1003825","article-title":"Sunitinib malate for the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"364","author":"Raymond","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib84","first-page":"301","article-title":"A clinical overview of carcinoid tumors: perspectives for improvement in treatment using peptide analogs (review)","volume":"26","author":"Comaru-Schally","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.01.007","article-title":"Neuroendocrine tumors: peptide receptor radionuclide therapy","volume":"21","author":"Forrer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.15.2553","article-title":"Treatment with the radiolabeled somatostatin analog [177 Lu-DOTA 0, Tyr3]octreotate: toxicity, efficacy, and survival","volume":"26","author":"Kwekkeboom","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1677\/erc.1.01116","article-title":"Treatment of advanced neuroendocrine tumours with radiolabelled somatostatin analogues","volume":"12","author":"Kaltsas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.22.8585","article-title":"90Y-Edotreotide for metastatic carcinoid refractory to octreotide","volume":"28","author":"Bushnell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01309.x","article-title":"Treatment of metastatic carcinoid tumours, phaeochromocytoma, paraganglioma and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with (131)I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine [(131)I-mIBG]","volume":"55","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1053\/ejso.2001.1132","article-title":"(131)I-MIBG radionuclide therapy is safe and cost-effective in the control of symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Pathirana","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2729","article-title":"Evidence-based medicine: the time has come to set standards for staging. Is a radical overhaul really needed?","volume":"221","author":"Sobin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pathol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0936655511007990?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0936655511007990?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T15:37:29Z","timestamp":1760542649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0936655511007990"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0936655511007990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0936-6555"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0936-6555","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Management of Neuroendocrine Tumours: Current and Future Medical Therapy Options","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Oncology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clon.2011.08.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2011 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}