{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T18:28:59Z","timestamp":1787682539414,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007602","name":"National Institute for Health Research Programme Grants for Applied Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR20204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR20204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014653","name":"NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR203308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017008","name":"Manchester Cancer Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RRCOER-Jun24\/100,008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRCOER-Jun24\/100,008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013342","name":"NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013342","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicaloncologyonline.net","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T04:35:17Z","timestamp":1766118917000},"page":"104004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Royal College of Radiologists Guidance Statements on the Use of Auto-contouring in Radiotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9944-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Mackay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1832-548X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Banfill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7442-0698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3104-5733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4173-7450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Diez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7750-5320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Gwynne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Hoole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Jena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3603-4275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Marchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7228-7344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Nix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4353-3360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5990-0906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6415-9235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.","family":"Boon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1644-0142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Hindocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4385-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Zucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2021.12.003","article-title":"Machine Learning for Auto-Segmentation in Radiotherapy Planning","volume":"34","author":"Harrison","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2019.02.001","article-title":"Advances in Auto-Segmentation","volume":"29","author":"Cardenas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/bjr\/tqae255","article-title":"An audit of the impact of the introduction of a commercial artificial intelligence-driven auto-contouring tool into a radiotherapy department","volume":"98","author":"Langmack","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib4","series-title":"Medical devices: software applications (apps)","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib5","series-title":"Guidance: regulating medical devices in the UK","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2023.01.014","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence for Radiotherapy Auto-Contouring: Current Use, Perceptions of and Barriers to Implementation","volume":"35","author":"Hindocha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phro.2020.11.002","article-title":"Machine learning applications in radiation oncology: Current use and needs to support clinical implementation","volume":"16","author":"Brouwer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2022.01.003","article-title":"Using Failure Mode and Effects Analysis to Evaluate Risk in the Clinical Adoption of Automated Contouring and Treatment Planning Tools","volume":"12","author":"Nealon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pract Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000089","article-title":"Automation bias: a systematic review of frequency, effect mediators, and mitigators","volume":"19","author":"Goddard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib10","series-title":"Guidance on auto-contouring in radiotherapy","author":"TRCo","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib11","series-title":"Artificial intelligence technologies to aid contouring for radiotherapy treatment planning: early value assessment","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad682d","article-title":"Enhancing the reliability of deep learning-based head and neck tumour segmentation using uncertainty estimation with multi-modal images","volume":"69","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14273","article-title":"Gross failure rates and failure modes for a commercial AI-based auto-segmentation algorithm in head and neck cancer patients","volume":"25","author":"Temple","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70067","article-title":"Geometric and dosimetric evaluation of a commercial AI auto-contouring tool on multiple anatomical sites in CT scans","volume":"26","author":"Finnegan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2024.110345","article-title":"A joint ESTRO and AAPM guideline for development, clinical validation and reporting of artificial intelligence models in radiation therapy","volume":"197","author":"Hurkmans","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib16","article-title":"NRG Oncology Assessment of Artificial Intelligence Deep Learning-Based Auto-segmentation for Radiation Therapy: Current Developments, Clinical Considerations, and Future Directions","author":"Rong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2021.05.003","article-title":"Metrics to evaluate the performance of auto-segmentation for radiation treatment planning: A critical review","volume":"160","author":"Sherer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2023.01.016","article-title":"A Review of the Metrics Used to Assess Auto-Contouring Systems in Radiotherapy","author":"Mackay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2020.09.008","article-title":"Overview of artificial intelligence-based applications in radiotherapy: Recommendations for implementation and quality assurance","volume":"153","author":"Vandewinckele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib20","first-page":"5431","article-title":"Medical Physics Practice Guideline 4.a: Development, implementation, use and maintenance of safety checklists","volume":"16","author":"Fong de Los Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2019.09.054","article-title":"Provision of Organ at Risk Contouring Guidance in UK Radiotherapy Clinical Trials","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib22","first-page":"S112-s6","article-title":"Patient views on the implementation of artificial intelligence in radiotherapy","volume":"29","author":"Temple","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiography (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjhci-2020-100233","article-title":"Clinician and computer: a study on patient perceptions of artificial intelligence in skeletal radiography","volume":"27","author":"York","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Health Care Inform"}],"container-title":["Clinical Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0936655525002596?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0936655525002596?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T11:40:39Z","timestamp":1770205239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0936655525002596"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["S0936655525002596"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0936-6555"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0936-6555","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Royal College of Radiologists Guidance Statements on the Use of Auto-contouring in Radiotherapy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Oncology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clon.2025.104004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal College of Radiologists. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104004"}}