{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:43:11Z","timestamp":1787064191783,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Perinatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T02:13:19Z","timestamp":1759284799000},"page":"709-729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Congenital Heart Block"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Erick","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Ambrose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Wyrebek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14988","article-title":"Impact of early detection and steroid treatment on fetal ventricular heart rate and pacemaker implantation in anti-Ro\/SSA positive congenital heart block","volume":"103","author":"Sonesson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib2","article-title":"Use of antenatal fluorinated corticosteroids in management of congenital heart block: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Michael","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-007-0003-4","article-title":"Epidemiology, etiology, detection, and treatment of autoantibody-associated congenital heart block in neonatal lupus","volume":"9","author":"Friedman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-016-3174-4","article-title":"Congenital heart block related to maternal autoantibodies: descriptive analysis of a series of 18 cases from a single center","volume":"35","author":"Doti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2024.2411583","article-title":"An update on the approach to treatment of Sjogren\u2019s disease in pregnancy","volume":"37","author":"Cue","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2012.05.784","article-title":"Congenital complete heart block: single tertiary centre experience","volume":"21","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2019.05.002","article-title":"Embryology of the cardiac conduction system relevant to arrhythmias","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Card Electrophysiol Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib8","first-page":"70","article-title":"How cardiac embryology translates into clinical arrhythmias","volume":"8","author":"Rivaud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib9","first-page":"329","article-title":"Embryology of the conduction system for the electrophysiologist","volume":"10","author":"Mirzoyev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041859","article-title":"Ro\/SSA autoantibodies directly bind cardiomyocytes, disturb calcium homeostasis, and mediate congenital heart block","volume":"201","author":"Salomonsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib11","first-page":"183","article-title":"Autoimmune response in mothers of children with congenital and postnatally diagnosed isolated heart block: a population based study","volume":"31","author":"Julkunen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib12","first-page":"1943","article-title":"Relationship between maternal and neonatal levels of antibodies to 48 kDa SSB(La), 52 kDa SSA(Ro), and 60 kDa SSA(Ro) in pregnancies complicated by congenital heart block","volume":"21","author":"Buyon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04293-8","article-title":"Cohort study of congenital complete heart block among preterm neonates: a single-center experience over a 15-year period","volume":"181","author":"Hernstadt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2011.02032.x","article-title":"Rescue and worsening of congenital heart block-associated electrocardiographic abnormalities in two transgenic mice","volume":"22","author":"Karnabi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-8411(89)90176-5","article-title":"Anti-SS-A\/Ro SS-B\/La antibodies bind to neonatal rabbit cardiac cells and preferentially inhibit in vitro cardiac repolarization","volume":"2","author":"Alexander","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200108)44:8<1832::AID-ART320>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Risk of congenital complete heart block in newborns of mothers with anti-Ro\/SSA antibodies detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis: a prospective study of 100 women","volume":"44","author":"Brucato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27350","article-title":"Failure of intravenous immunoglobulin to prevent congenital heart block: findings of a multicenter, prospective, observational study","volume":"62","author":"Pisoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2023-322716","article-title":"Relationship between the aortic root and the atrioventricular conduction axis","volume":"109","author":"Anderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-017-1631-8","article-title":"Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with congenital complete heart block","volume":"38","author":"Al-Kubaisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3684965","article-title":"Exome sequencing identifies compound heterozygous mutations in SCN5A associated with congenital complete heart block in the Thai population","volume":"2016","author":"Thongnak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repc.2019.09.021","article-title":"Congenital atrioventricular heart block: from diagnosis to treatment","volume":"41","author":"Melim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Port Cardiol"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0123","article-title":"Shox2 regulates the pacemaker gene program in embryoid bodies","volume":"22","author":"Hashem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.05.001","article-title":"Navigating the non-coding genome in heart development and congenital heart disease","volume":"107","author":"Chahal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.642975","article-title":"Heart enhancers: development and disease control at a distance","volume":"12","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib25","article-title":"Environmental risk factors and congenital heart disease: an umbrella review of 165 systematic reviews and meta-analyses with more than 120 million participants","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s002460010256","article-title":"Congenital complete heart block in the fetus: hemodynamic features, antenatal treatment, and outcome in six cases","volume":"22","author":"Eronen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208311","article-title":"Assessment of fluorinated steroids to avert progression and mortality in anti-SSA\/Ro-associated cardiac injury limited to the fetal conduction system","volume":"75","author":"Izmirly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.07.100","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors, and mortality of neonatal and late-onset dilated cardiomyopathy associated with cardiac neonatal lupus","volume":"248","author":"Morel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib29","first-page":"84","article-title":"Complete congenital heart block in the offspring of an asymptomatic woman with isolated high titer anti-ro antibody","volume":"58","author":"Limquiaco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Med Philipp"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/00494755241231324","article-title":"Newborns with congenital complete heart block: advice for perinatal care providers","volume":"54","author":"Rani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/182618680600200101","article-title":"Congenital complete atrioventricular block in the early pediatric population","volume":"2","author":"Serdoz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.3390\/children8100911","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes after congenital heart disease surgery in infancy: a 2-year serial follow-up","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03206-3","article-title":"Unique model of chronic hypoxia in fetal lambs demonstrates abnormal contrast-enhanced ultrasound brain perfusion","volume":"97","author":"Agarwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2023.05.017","article-title":"2023 HRS expert consensus statement on the management of arrhythmias during pregnancy","volume":"20","author":"Joglar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209770","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for women\u2019s health and the management of family planning, assisted reproduction, pregnancy and menopause in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus And\/or antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Andreoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euz109","article-title":"Molecular and genetic insights into progressive cardiac conduction disease","volume":"21","author":"Asatryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.2712","article-title":"Doppler echocardiographic and electrocardiographic atrioventricular time intervals in newborn infants: evaluation of techniques for surveillance of fetuses at risk for congenital heart block","volume":"28","author":"Bergman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.07.076","article-title":"Home monitoring for fetal heart rhythm during anti-ro pregnancies","volume":"72","author":"Cuneo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-220","article-title":"Antenatal and postnatal combined therapy for autoantibody-related congenital atrioventricular block","volume":"13","author":"Di Mauro","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033241244465","article-title":"Home monitoring of fetal heart rhythm: lived experiences of women with anti-SSA\/Ro52 autoantibodies and their co-parents","volume":"33","author":"Tingstr\u00f6m","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24130","article-title":"2020 American college of rheumatology guideline for the management of reproductive health in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases","volume":"72","author":"Sammaritano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.29224","article-title":"Indications for fetal echocardiography: italian society of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology (SIEOG) guidelines using GRADE methodology","volume":"65","author":"De Robertis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.04.014","article-title":"Guidelines and recommendations for performance of the fetal echocardiogram: an update from the American society of echocardiography","volume":"36","author":"Moon-Grady","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.001","article-title":"Society for maternal-fetal medicine consult series #64: systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy","volume":"228","author":"Silver","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.06.040","article-title":"Knowledge is power: regarding SMFM consult series #64: systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy","volume":"229","author":"Cuneo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42733","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of high titer autoantibodies and fetal home monitoring in the detection of atrioventricular block among Anti-SSA\/Ro pregnancies","volume":"76","author":"Buyon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib47","author":"Jaeggi E"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/432176","article-title":"Atrioventricular conduction delay in fetuses exposed to anti-SSA\/Ro and anti-SSB\/La antibodies: a magnetocardiography study","volume":"2012","author":"Wacker-Gu\u00dfmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.607515","article-title":"Autoimmune congenital heart block: a review of biomarkers and management of pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"De Carolis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2863","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.219160","article-title":"Autoimmune-associated congenital heart block: a new insight in fetal life","volume":"130","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1459","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis and management of congenital complete heart block","volume":"111","author":"Pruetz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib52","first-page":"857","article-title":"No histologic evidence of foetal cardiotoxicity following exposure to maternal hydroxychloroquine","volume":"35","author":"Friedman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000142046.58632.3A","article-title":"Transplacental fetal treatment improves the outcome of prenatally diagnosed complete atrioventricular block without structural heart disease","volume":"110","author":"Jaeggi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib54","first-page":"952","article-title":"Neonatal lupus erythematosus: results of maternal corticosteroid therapy","volume":"93","author":"Shinohara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199911)42:11<2335::AID-ANR12>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Comparison of treatment with fluorinated glucocorticoids to the natural history of autoantibody-associated congenital heart block: retrospective review of the research registry for neonatal lupus","volume":"42","author":"Saleeb","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.12.027","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of fetuses with autoimmune-associated congenital heart block followed in the PR interval and dexamethasone evaluation (PRIDE) study","volume":"103","author":"Friedman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib57","first-page":"783","article-title":"Fluorinated steroids are not superior to any treatment to ameliorate the outcome of autoimmune mediated congenital heart block: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Hoxha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib58","first-page":"706","article-title":"Plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulins and bethametasone - a combined protocol to treat autoimmune congenital heart block: a prospective cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Ruffatti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9263","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2022.2025536","article-title":"NAFTNet retrospective report on the treatment of anti-Ro\/SSA mediated fetal heart block with dexamethasone","volume":"35","author":"Sunderji","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.10.1010","article-title":"Questions about dexamethasone use for the prevention of anti-SSA related congenital heart block","volume":"62","author":"Costedoat-Chalumeau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4175","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1849089","article-title":"Long-term physical and neurodevelopmental outcomes after antenatal betamethasone administration for congenital heart block prevention","volume":"35","author":"Wada","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38675","article-title":"Prenatal anti-Ro antibody exposure, congenital complete atrioventricular heart block, and high-dose steroid therapy: impact on neurocognitive outcome in school-age children","volume":"66","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27308","article-title":"Evaluation of fetuses in a study of intravenous immunoglobulin as preventive therapy for congenital heart block: results of a multicenter, prospective, open-label clinical trial","volume":"62","author":"Friedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30464","article-title":"Association of the idiotype:antiidiotype antibody ratio with the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for the prevention of recurrent autoimmune-associated congenital heart block","volume":"63","author":"Routsias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2015.11.006","article-title":"Apheresis in high risk antiphospholipid syndrome pregnancy and autoimmune congenital heart block","volume":"53","author":"Ruffatti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfus Apher Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-023-00920-w","article-title":"Reverse complete heart block using transcutaneous pacing and repeated plasmapheresis in a neonate with lupus: a case report","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2007.03.081","article-title":"Atrial and ventricular rate response and patterns of heart rate acceleration during maternal-fetal terbutaline treatment of fetal complete heart block","volume":"100","author":"Cuneo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-199538040-00008","article-title":"Risks and complications of tocolysis","volume":"38","author":"Hill","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib69","first-page":"123","article-title":"A critical appraisal of the potential harmful effects of terbutaline sulfate use in pregnancy","volume":"58","author":"Elliott","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13046","article-title":"Plasma exchange effectively removes 52- and 60-kDa anti-Ro\/SSA and anti-La\/SSB antibodies in pregnant women with congenital heart block","volume":"55","author":"Tonello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfusion (Paris)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.04.006","article-title":"Preventing congenital neonatal heart block in offspring of mothers with anti-SSA\/Ro and SSB\/La antibodies: a review of published literature and registered clinical trials","volume":"12","author":"Gleicher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309185","article-title":"Current status and future potential of transcatheter interventions in congenital heart disease","volume":"120","author":"Kenny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-016-1470-4","article-title":"Minimally invasive implantable fetal micropacemaker: mechanical testing and technical refinements","volume":"54","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1159\/000263929","article-title":"(PMID: 28302745)","volume":"9","author":"Walkinshaw","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-023-04190-8","article-title":"Epicardial pacing lead implantation for congenital complete atrioventricular block immediately after birth: a case report","volume":"17","author":"Amino","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.115.001956","article-title":"Improvement in interstage survival in a national pediatric cardiology learning network","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F218","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-300488","article-title":"Outcome of infants with prenatally diagnosed congenital heart disease delivered outside specialist paediatric cardiac centres","volume":"98","author":"Anagnostou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-019-1248-z","article-title":"Congenital heart disease in low- and lower-middle-income countries: current status and new opportunities","volume":"21","author":"Z\u00fchlke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e553","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.24-9-e553","article-title":"The role of the neonatologist in fetuses diagnosed with congenital heart disease","volume":"24","author":"Udine","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeoReviews"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2015.07.005","article-title":"Risk-stratified postnatal care of newborns with congenital heart disease determined by fetal echocardiography","volume":"28","author":"Donofrio","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib81","first-page":"369","article-title":"Utilizing fetal echocardiography to risk stratify and predict neonatal outcomes in fetuses diagnosed with congenital heart disease","volume":"42","author":"Ro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.11.029","article-title":"Specialized delivery room planning for fetuses with critical congenital heart disease","volume":"111","author":"Donofrio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.6617","article-title":"Delivery room and early postnatal management of neonates with congenital heart disease","volume":"44","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2016.04.001","article-title":"Fetal physiology and the transition to extrauterine life","volume":"43","author":"Morton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2019.02.010","article-title":"The use of cardiotonic drugs in neonates","volume":"46","author":"Dempsey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9572(99)00032-5","article-title":"The efficacy of atropine in the treatment of hemodynamically unstable bradycardia and atrioventricular block: prehospital and emergency department considerations","volume":"41","author":"Brady","year":"1999","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3182196cb1","article-title":"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for intractable primary arrhythmias and complete congenital heart block in newborns and infants: short-term and medium-term outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Dyamenahalli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.05.003","article-title":"Pacemaker management and in-hospital outcomes in neonatal congenital atrioventricular block","volume":"9","author":"Mikulski","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2023.02.017","article-title":"Tiny pacemakers for tiny babies","volume":"20","author":"Berul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.10.017","article-title":"Risk factors for complications in the implantation of epicardial pacemakers in neonates and infants","volume":"14","author":"Chaouki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eul062","article-title":"Twenty years of paediatric cardiac pacing: 515 pacemakers and 480 leads implanted in 292 patients","volume":"8","author":"Silvetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.02.011","article-title":"Emerging pacemaker technology for small children","volume":"21","author":"Berul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.112.973032","article-title":"Impact of cardiac devices on the quality of life in pediatric patients","volume":"5","author":"Czosek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.122.011447","article-title":"Transcatheter leadless pacing in children: a PACES collaborative study in the real-world setting","volume":"16","author":"Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.15926","article-title":"Percutaneous epicardial pacing in infants using direct visualization: a feasibility animal study","volume":"34","author":"Kumthekar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-023-03620-1","article-title":"Experience of treating congenital complete atrioventricular block with epicardial pacemaker in infants and young children: a retrospective study","volume":"23","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14986","article-title":"Temporary pacing through umbilical venous route for neonatal heart failure due to complete atrioventricular block","volume":"47","author":"Anand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951121001220","article-title":"Temporary pacemaker implantation through umbilical vein in a low birth weight neonate with congenital complete heart block","volume":"31","author":"Chimoriya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcchd.2022.100337","article-title":"Long term clinical outcomes in patients requiring cardiac pacing due to congenital complete heart block","volume":"9","author":"Seitler","year":"2022","journal-title":"International journal of cardiology Congenital heart disease"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3766","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000150336.86033.8D","article-title":"Detrimental ventricular remodeling in patients with congenital complete heart block and chronic right ventricular apical pacing","volume":"110","author":"Thambo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0095510825000661?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0095510825000661?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T21:40:24Z","timestamp":1763070024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0095510825000661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0095510825000661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-5108"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-5108","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Congenital Heart Block","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Perinatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clp.2025.08.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}