{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:23:51Z","timestamp":1789017831980,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Perinatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T11:14:44Z","timestamp":1775646884000},"page":"297-316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Advances in the Management of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Emily A.","family":"Mooers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satyan","family":"Lakshminrusimha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Ganesh","family":"Konduri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1165","article-title":"Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in late preterm and term infants in California","volume":"139","author":"Steurer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F554","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-313778","article-title":"Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in extremely preterm infants: a Japanese cohort study","volume":"103","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.1.14","article-title":"Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in the era before nitric oxide: practice variation and outcomes","volume":"105","author":"Walsh-Sukys","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.3.559","article-title":"A randomized trial of early versus standard inhaled nitric oxide therapy in term and near-term newborn infants with hypoxic respiratory failure","volume":"113","author":"Konduri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199702273360902","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. The inhaled nitric oxide study group","volume":"336","author":"Roberts","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00032.2009","article-title":"Regulation of the pulmonary circulation in the fetus and newborn","volume":"90","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.3.257","article-title":"Reactivity of the human fetal pulmonary circulation to maternal hyperoxygenation increases during the second half of pregnancy: a randomized study","volume":"97","author":"Rasanen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30290-2","article-title":"The role of nitric oxide, endothelin, and prostaglandins in the transition of the pulmonary circulation","volume":"22","author":"Ziegler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1600","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00245.2002","article-title":"Role of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP release in mediating birth-related pulmonary vasodilation in fetal lambs","volume":"283","author":"Konduri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199809000-00012","article-title":"Decreased gene expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in newborns with persistent pulmonary hypertension","volume":"44","author":"Villanueva","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.06.183","article-title":"High lung PDE5: a strong basis for treating pulmonary hypertension with PDE5 inhibitors","volume":"334","author":"Corbin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib12","first-page":"L1013","article-title":"Chronic intrauterine pulmonary hypertension impairs endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the ovine fetus","volume":"272","author":"Villamor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib13","first-page":"L1005","article-title":"Pulmonary endothelial NO synthase gene expression is decreased in fetal lambs with pulmonary hypertension","volume":"272","author":"Shaul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.209","article-title":"Altered prostanoid metabolism contributes to impaired angiogenesis in persistent pulmonary hypertension in a fetal lamb model","volume":"77","author":"Mahajan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117210","article-title":"Physiologic characterization of endothelin A and B receptor activity in the ovine fetal pulmonary circulation","volume":"93","author":"Ivy","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17133.x","article-title":"Block of endothelin-1-induced release of thromboxane A2 from the Guinea pig lung and nitric oxide from the rabbit kidney by a selective ETB receptor antagonist, BQ-788","volume":"113","author":"D'Orleans-Juste","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S328","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199322008-00086","article-title":"Endothelium-dependent contractions to endothelin in the rat aorta are mediated by thromboxane A2","volume":"22","author":"Taddei","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1159\/000079153","article-title":"Endothelin B receptor blockade attenuates pulmonary vasodilation in oxygen-ventilated fetal lambs","volume":"86","author":"Ivy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib19","first-page":"62","article-title":"The role of endothelin-1 in pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"2014","author":"Chester","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob Cardiol Sci Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81552-5","article-title":"Elevated immunoreactive endothelin-1 levels in newborn infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension","volume":"123","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2021.05.009","article-title":"Pathophysiology and management of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"48","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e680","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.16-12-e680","article-title":"Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"16","author":"Lakshminrusimha","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeoReviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4326-3","article-title":"Experts\u2019 opinion on management of hemodynamics in ARDS patients: focus on the effects of mechanical ventilation","volume":"42","author":"Vieillard-Baron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"2 Pt 2 Su","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib24","first-page":"S52","article-title":"Clinical approaches to the use of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in neonatal respiratory failure","volume":"16","author":"Kinsella","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2013.83","article-title":"Impact of early surfactant and inhaled nitric oxide therapies on outcomes in term\/late preterm neonates with moderate hypoxic respiratory failure","volume":"33","author":"Konduri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.81.5.657","article-title":"Duration of hyperventilation and outcome in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension","volume":"81","author":"Bifano","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.81.5.650","article-title":"Hearing loss in infants with persistent fetal circulation","volume":"81","author":"Hendricks-Munoz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.03.007","article-title":"Pulmonary circulatory effects of norepinephrine in newborn infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension","volume":"153","author":"Tourneux","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2021.11.010","article-title":"Pulmonary vasodilator therapy in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"49","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L595","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00145.2011","article-title":"Hydrocortisone normalizes oxygenation and cGMP regulation in lambs with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"302","author":"Perez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1086\/674903","article-title":"Hydrocortisone normalizes phosphodiesterase-5 activity in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from lambs with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"4","author":"Perez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pulm Circ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-1-1","article-title":"The adverse neuro-developmental effects of postnatal steroids in the preterm infant: a systematic review of RCTs","volume":"1","author":"Barrington","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0082-0","article-title":"Application of neonatologist performed echocardiography in the assessment and management of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"84","author":"de Boode","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2023.12.003","article-title":"Oxygen targets in neonatal pulmonary hypertension: individualized, \u201cPrecision-Medicine\u201d approach","volume":"51","author":"Lakshminrusimha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181bab0c7","article-title":"Oxygen concentration and pulmonary hemodynamics in newborn lambs with pulmonary hypertension","volume":"66","author":"Lakshminrusimha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L979","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.90238.2008","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase restores eNOS expression and function in resistance pulmonary arteries from neonatal lambs with persistent pulmonary hypertension","volume":"295","author":"Farrow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib37","article-title":"Early oxygenation and mortality in infants treated with inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN)","volume":"18","author":"Oren","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pediatr Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib38","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants","volume":"2","author":"Barrington","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-002-0494-z","article-title":"Paracrine role of soluble guanylate cyclase and type III nitric oxide synthase in ovine fetal pulmonary circulation: a double labeling immunohistochemical study","volume":"119","author":"Tzao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-00777-x","article-title":"Early use of combined exogenous surfactant and inhaled nitric oxide reduces treatment failure in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70482-2","article-title":"Multicenter study of surfactant (beractant) use in the treatment of term infants with severe respiratory failure. Survanta in term infants study group","volume":"132","author":"Lotze","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200002173420704","article-title":"Low-dose nitric oxide therapy for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Clinical inhaled nitric oxide research group","volume":"342","author":"Clark","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199702273360901","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide in full-term and nearly full-term infants with hypoxic respiratory failure","volume":"336","author":"Neonatal Inhaled Nitric Oxide Study","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01252-x","article-title":"Use of inhaled nitric oxide in preterm vs term\/near-term neonates with pulmonary hypertension: results of the PaTTerN registry study","volume":"42","author":"Nelin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70124-0","article-title":"Randomized, multicenter trial of inhaled nitric oxide and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in severe, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"131","author":"Kinsella","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"9250","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03548-0","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension","volume":"357","author":"Tworetzky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.27234","article-title":"Vasodilators for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a network meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L755","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00138.2010","article-title":"Cinaciguat, a soluble guanylate cyclase activator, augments cGMP after oxidative stress and causes pulmonary vasodilation in neonatal pulmonary hypertension","volume":"301","author":"Chester","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2010.08.018","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidant stress increases PDE5 activity in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"174","author":"Farrow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/children4070060","article-title":"Sildenafil in infants and children","volume":"4","author":"Simonca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.016667","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of oral sildenafil citrate in treatment-naive children with pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"125","author":"Barst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0523","article-title":"Oral sildenafil in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a pilot randomized blinded study","volume":"117","author":"Baquero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1239496","article-title":"The use of sildenafil in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"27","author":"Vargas-Origel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25444","article-title":"Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.06.012","article-title":"Intravenous sildenafil in the treatment of neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension","volume":"155","author":"Steinhorn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.05.051","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of IV sildenafil in the treatment of newborn infants with, or at risk of, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN): a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"237","author":"Pierce","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11038-6","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetic analysis of sildenafil in term and preterm infants with pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Rhee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-16161","article-title":"Effect of early adjunctive use of oral sildenafil and inhaled nitric oxide on the outcome of pulmonary hypertension in newborn infants. A feasibility study","volume":"9","author":"Al Omar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neonatal Perinatal Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000112033.81970.C2","article-title":"Interaction between inhaled nitric oxide and intravenous sildenafil in a porcine model of meconium aspiration syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Shekerdemian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.697287","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of different doses of sildenafil in the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a network meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005494.pub3","article-title":"Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates","volume":"8","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201210-1928PP","article-title":"Implications of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration warning against the use of sildenafil for the treatment of pediatric pulmonary hypertension","volume":"187","author":"Abman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1450","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension therapy and a systematic review of efficacy and safety of PDE-5 inhibitors","volume":"139","author":"Unegbu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-014-9657-7","article-title":"Safety and long-term efficacy of transition from sildenafil to tadalafil due to side effects in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"193","author":"Lichtblau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lung"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951117000981","article-title":"Comparison of the therapeutic effects and side effects of tadalafil and sildenafil after surgery in young infants with pulmonary arterial hypertension due to systemic-to-pulmonary shunts","volume":"27","author":"Sabri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib66","first-page":"140","article-title":"Tadalafil in neonates and infants with pulmonary hypertension secondary to bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"29","author":"Kiskaddon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2015.12.004","article-title":"Pharmacologic strategies in neonatal pulmonary hypertension other than nitric oxide","volume":"40","author":"Lakshminrusimha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e31824ea2cd","article-title":"Pharmacology of milrinone in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and suboptimal response to inhaled nitric oxide","volume":"14","author":"McNamara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2006.01.001","article-title":"Milrinone improves oxygenation in neonates with severe persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"21","author":"McNamara","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib70","first-page":"CD007802","article-title":"Milrinone for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"2010","author":"Bassler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951114002698","article-title":"The effect of milrinone on right and left ventricular function when used as a rescue therapy for term infants with pulmonary hypertension","volume":"26","author":"James","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e318250af44","article-title":"Inodilators in nitric oxide resistant persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"14","author":"Lakshminrusimha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1159\/000339108","article-title":"Use of milrinone to treat cardiac dysfunction in infants with pulmonary hypertension secondary to congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a review of six patients","volume":"102","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40748-017-0066-9","article-title":"Milrinone in congenital diaphragmatic hernia - a randomized pilot trial: study protocol, review of literature and survey of current practices","volume":"3","author":"Lakshminrusimha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maternal health, neonatology and perinatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-013-0263-1","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of intravenous iloprost for severe persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"50","author":"Janjindamai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-8932.94835","article-title":"Inhaled epoprostenol therapy for pulmonary hypertension: improves oxygenation index more consistently in neonates than in older children","volume":"2","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pulm Circ"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050498","article-title":"Improvement of oxygenation induced by aerosolized prostacyclin in a preterm infant with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"23","author":"Soditt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.129849","article-title":"Inhaled prostacyclin for term infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension refractory to inhaled nitric oxide","volume":"141","author":"Kelly","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1676483","article-title":"Inhaled epoprostenol for pulmonary hypertension treatment in neonates: a 12-Year experience","volume":"36","author":"Berger-Caron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s002469900099","article-title":"Prostacyclin treatment for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"18","author":"Eronen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1086\/674762","article-title":"Safety of epoprostenol and treprostinil in children less than 12 months of age","volume":"3","author":"McIntyre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pulm Circ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib82","first-page":"191","article-title":"Inhaled iloprost as a first-line therapy for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"nm"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pul2.12268","article-title":"Inhaled iloprost is an effective alternative therapy for persistent pulmonary hypertension in newborns","volume":"13","author":"Yildirim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pulm Circ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/children11060703","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of continuous inhaled iloprost therapy for severe pulmonary hypertension in neonates and infants","volume":"11","author":"Krishnan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007303","article-title":"Treprostinil for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, with early onset sepsis in preterm infant: 2 case reports","volume":"96","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1270712","article-title":"Comparison of treprostinil and oral sildenafil for the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib87","first-page":"647","article-title":"Transitioning from intravenous to subcutaneous prostacyclin therapy in neonates with severe pulmonary hypertension","volume":"25","author":"Turbenson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.04.052","article-title":"Treprostinil improves persistent pulmonary hypertension associated with congenital diaphragmatic Hernia","volume":"200","author":"Lawrence","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000139927.86617.B6","article-title":"Aerosolized PGE1: a selective pulmonary vasodilator in neonatal hypoxemic respiratory failure results of a phase I\/II open label clinical trial","volume":"56","author":"Sood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-486","article-title":"Inhaled PGE1 in neonates with hypoxemic respiratory failure: two pilot feasibility randomized clinical trials","volume":"15","author":"Sood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2011.157","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective study of bosentan for the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"32","author":"Mohamed","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib92","first-page":"333","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy of sildenafil alone versus sildenafil plus bosentan in newborns with persistent pulmonary hypertension","volume":"30","author":"Fatima","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2017.02.003","article-title":"Effect of bosentan therapy in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","volume":"59","author":"Maneenil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.06.078","article-title":"Bosentan as adjunctive therapy for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: results of the randomized multicenter placebo-controlled exploratory trial","volume":"177","author":"Steinhorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-05107-0","article-title":"Oral sildenafil versus bosentan for treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Kallimath","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2014.01.003","article-title":"Oral l-citrulline malate in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and Eisenmenger Syndrome: a clinical trial","volume":"64","author":"Sharif Kashani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12707","article-title":"L-citrulline provides a novel strategy for treating chronic pulmonary hypertension in newborn infants","volume":"103","author":"Fike","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1209655","article-title":"Riociguat for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"369","author":"Ghofrani","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14676","article-title":"Riociguat: clinical research and evolving role in therapy","volume":"87","author":"Klinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1014922","article-title":"Novel use of riociguat in infants with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension unable to wean from inhaled nitric oxide","volume":"10","author":"Domingo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.12.208","article-title":"Activation of PPAR-gamma ameliorates pulmonary arterial hypertension via inducing heme oxygenase-1 and p21(WAF1): an in vivo study in rats","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0275OC","article-title":"AMP-kinase dysfunction alters notch ligands to impair angiogenesis in neonatal pulmonary hypertension","volume":"62","author":"Rana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000000603","article-title":"Pediatric extracorporeal life support organization registry international report 2016","volume":"63","author":"Barbaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"ASAIO J"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0095510826000151?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0095510826000151?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T23:34:35Z","timestamp":1781220875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0095510826000151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0095510826000151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-5108"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-5108","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Advances in the Management of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Perinatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clp.2026.02.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}