{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:02:12Z","timestamp":1791201732714,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]],"date-time":"2010-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1270080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,17]],"date-time":"2013-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1203,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,7]],"date-time":"2010-04-07T04:04:47Z","timestamp":1270613087000},"page":"286-297","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":359,"title":["Direct Insulin and Leptin Action on Pro-opiomelanocortin Neurons Is Required for Normal Glucose Homeostasis and Fertility"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jennifer W.","family":"Hill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol F.","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin W.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Berglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William L.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You-Ree","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jen-Chieh","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Lauzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte E.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Coppari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Zigman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Streamson","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp E.","family":"Scherer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradford B.","family":"Lowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens C.","family":"Br\u00fcning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel K.","family":"Elmquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-108-4-1441","article-title":"Insulin enhancement of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone release by cultured pituitary cells","volume":"108","author":"Adashi","year":"1981","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.09.008","article-title":"Dominant role of the p110beta isoform of PI3K over p110alpha in energy homeostasis regulation by POMC and AgRP neurons","volume":"10","author":"Al-Qassab","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.06.004","article-title":"Leptin receptor signaling in POMC neurons is required for normal body weight homeostasis","volume":"42","author":"Balthasar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-62-5-904","article-title":"Insulin stimulates androgen accumulation in incubations of ovarian stroma obtained from women with hyperandrogenism","volume":"62","author":"Barbieri","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.49.030187.002003","article-title":"Insulin in the brain","volume":"49","author":"Baskin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/002215549904700309","article-title":"Leptin receptor long-form splice-variant protein expression in neuron cell bodies of the brain and co-localization with neuropeptide Y mRNA in the arcuate nucleus","volume":"47","author":"Baskin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.01.006","article-title":"PDK1 deficiency in POMC-expressing cells reveals FOXO1-dependent and -independent pathways in control of energy homeostasis and stress response","volume":"7","author":"Belgardt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9048","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-20-09048.2002","article-title":"The catabolic action of insulin in the brain is mediated by melanocortins","volume":"22","author":"Benoit","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012","DOI":"10.1621\/nrs.01012","article-title":"Quantitative real-time PCR protocol for analysis of nuclear receptor signaling pathways","volume":"1","author":"Bookout","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nucl. Recept. Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5487.2122","article-title":"Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body weight and reproduction","volume":"289","author":"Br\u00fcning","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/35030105","article-title":"IRS-2 pathways integrate female reproduction and energy homeostasis","volume":"407","author":"Burks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2005.02.029","article-title":"The melanocortin system and energy balance","volume":"27","author":"Butler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2005.7","article-title":"Cross-talk between the insulin and leptin signaling systems in rat hypothalamus","volume":"13","author":"Carvalheira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-57-2-356","article-title":"Insulin resistance in nonobese patients with polycystic ovarian disease","volume":"57","author":"Chang","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/79254","article-title":"Inactivation of the mouse melanocortin-3 receptor results in increased fat mass and reduced lean body mass","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4489","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.10.5570","article-title":"Proopiomelanocortin neurons are direct targets for leptin in the hypothalamus","volume":"138","author":"Cheung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24445","article-title":"The role of insulin receptor substrate 2 in hypothalamic and beta cell function","volume":"115","author":"Choudhury","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31516","article-title":"AMPK is essential for energy homeostasis regulation and glucose sensing by POMC and AgRP neurons","volume":"117","author":"Claret","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2004.12.004","article-title":"The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus: a key site for mediating leptin's effects on glucose homeostasis and locomotor activity","volume":"1","author":"Coppari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.872","article-title":"Effects of androgens on insulin action in women: is androgen excess a component of female metabolic syndrome?","volume":"24","author":"Corbould","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/35078085","article-title":"Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus","volume":"411","author":"Cowley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24059","article-title":"Complete rescue of obesity, diabetes, and infertility in db\/db mice by neuron-specific LEPR-B transgenes","volume":"115","author":"de Luca","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.12.021","article-title":"Leptin directly activates SF1 neurons in the VMH, and this action by leptin is required for normal body-weight homeostasis","volume":"49","author":"Dhillon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5240","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0405-09.2009","article-title":"The ventral premammillary nucleus links fasting-induced changes in leptin levels and coordinated luteinizing hormone secretion","volume":"29","author":"Donato","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.38.9.1165","article-title":"Profound peripheral insulin resistance, independent of obesity, in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Dunaif","year":"1989","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-70-3-699","article-title":"Suppression of hyperandrogenism does not improve peripheral or hepatic insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Dunaif","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.41.10.1257","article-title":"Evidence for distinctive and intrinsic defects in insulin action in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Dunaif","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)80035-0","article-title":"Leptin differentially regulates NPY and POMC neurons projecting to the lateral hypothalamic area","volume":"23","author":"Elias","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0877","article-title":"Characterization of leptin-responsive neurons in the caudal brainstem","volume":"147","author":"Ellacott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19980615)395:4<535::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Distributions of leptin receptor mRNA isoforms in the rat brain","volume":"395","author":"Elmquist","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13640","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4023-08.2008","article-title":"Monitoring FoxO1 localization in chemically identified neurons","volume":"28","author":"Fukuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)49211-3","article-title":"Persistence of insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian disease after inhibition of ovarian steroid secretion","volume":"45","author":"Geffner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.11.013","article-title":"Insulin action in the brain contributes to glucose lowering during insulin treatment of diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Gelling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4502","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0445","article-title":"Hypothalamic leptin signaling regulates hepatic insulin sensitivity via a neurocircuit involving the vagus nerve","volume":"150","author":"German","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2007.jun.S7-S12","article-title":"Adipose tissue expandability in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis","volume":"65","author":"Gray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib36","first-page":"21","article-title":"Gene Expression and the Control of Food Intake by Hypothalamic POMC\/CART Neurons","volume":"3","author":"Hill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Neuroendocrinol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E827","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00670.2007","article-title":"Hypothalamic pathways linking energy balance and reproduction","volume":"294","author":"Hill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32964","article-title":"Acute effects of leptin require PI3K signaling in hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin neurons in mice","volume":"118","author":"Hill","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.03.06.db05-1143","article-title":"Divergent regulation of proopiomelanocortin neurons by leptin in the nucleus of the solitary tract and in the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus","volume":"55","author":"Huo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.05.003","article-title":"Leptin-dependent control of glucose balance and locomotor activity by POMC neurons","volume":"9","author":"Huo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.02.009","article-title":"Role of hepatic STAT3 in brain-insulin action on hepatic glucose production","volume":"3","author":"Inoue","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.081257","article-title":"Hepatic glucocorticoid receptor antagonism is sufficient to reduce elevated hepatic glucose output and improve glucose control in animal models of type 2 diabetes","volume":"314","author":"Jacobson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2005.05.027","article-title":"AAV-mediated leptin receptor installation improves energy balance and the reproductive status of obese female Koletsky rats","volume":"26","author":"Keen-Rhinehart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.06.010","article-title":"Enhanced leptin sensitivity and improved glucose homeostasis in mice lacking suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in POMC-expressing cells","volume":"4","author":"Kievit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1392","article-title":"Forkhead protein FoxO1 mediates Agrp-dependent effects of leptin on food intake","volume":"12","author":"Kitamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib46","first-page":"2132","article-title":"Central insulin action regulates peripheral glucose and fat metabolism in mice","volume":"118","author":"Koch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.05.004","article-title":"Insulin action in AgRP-expressing neurons is required for suppression of hepatic glucose production","volume":"5","author":"K\u00f6nner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.2.425","article-title":"Transgenic complementation of leptin-receptor deficiency. I. Rescue of the obesity\/diabetes phenotype of LEPR-null mice expressing a LEPR-B transgene","volume":"50","author":"Kowalski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0155-09.2009","article-title":"Direct innervation of GnRH neurons by metabolic- and sexual odorant-sensing leptin receptor neurons in the hypothalamic ventral premammillary nucleus","volume":"29","author":"Leshan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/1071-5576(94)00061-5","article-title":"The effects of insulin on 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression in human luteinized granulosa cells","volume":"2","author":"McGee","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-5-54","article-title":"Leptin and insulin stimulation of signalling pathways in arcuate nucleus neurones: PI3K dependent actin reorganization and KATP channel activation","volume":"5","author":"Mirshamsi","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-0115","article-title":"Arcuate nucleus-specific leptin receptor gene therapy attenuates the obesity phenotype of Koletsky (fa(k)\/fa(k)) rats","volume":"144","author":"Morton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.10.009","article-title":"Leptin regulates insulin sensitivity via phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase signaling in mediobasal hypothalamic neurons","volume":"2","author":"Morton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M505311200","article-title":"Mice lacking adiponectin show decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity and reduced responsiveness to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists","volume":"281","author":"Nawrocki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5925","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.12.8088","article-title":"The biochemical basis for increased testosterone production in theca cells propagated from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"86","author":"Nelson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1038\/35101657","article-title":"Intracellular signalling. Key enzyme in leptin-induced anorexia","volume":"413","author":"Niswender","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.2.227","article-title":"Insulin activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus: a key mediator of insulin-induced anorexia","volume":"52","author":"Niswender","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1202-798","article-title":"Hypothalamic insulin signaling is required for inhibition of glucose production","volume":"8","author":"Obici","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200421645","article-title":"Transgenic rescue of insulin receptor-deficient mice","volume":"114","author":"Okamoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1348","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00466.2006","article-title":"Differential effects of fasting and leptin on proopiomelanocortin peptides in the arcuate nucleus and in the nucleus of the solitary tract","volume":"292","author":"Perello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G610","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00321.2007","article-title":"Simultaneous deletion of ghrelin and its receptor increases motor activity and energy expenditure","volume":"294","author":"Pfluger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27123","article-title":"Enhanced PIP3 signaling in POMC neurons causes KATP channel activation and leads to diet-sensitive obesity","volume":"116","author":"Plum","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.06.005","article-title":"MAO A knockout attenuates adrenocortical response to various kinds of stress","volume":"31","author":"Popova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1301\/002966402320634797","article-title":"Leptin and insulin action in the central nervous system","volume":"60","author":"Porte","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0728","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-expressing neurons immortalized conditionally are activated by insulin: implication of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway","volume":"147","author":"Salvi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E630","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00704.2007","article-title":"Sexually different actions of leptin in proopiomelanocortin neurons to regulate glucose homeostasis","volume":"294","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1310641","article-title":"Insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-II enhance basal and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-stimulated luteinizing hormone release from rat anterior pituitary cells in\u00a0vitro","volume":"131","author":"Soldani","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12339","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.220409497","article-title":"A\u00a0metabolic defect promotes obesity in mice lacking melanocortin-4 receptors","volume":"97","author":"Ste Marie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803392","article-title":"Increased expression of\u00a0hypothalamic leptin receptor and adiponectin accompany resistance to dietary-induced obesity and infertility in female C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"31","author":"Tortoriello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1132","article-title":"Collective and individual functions of leptin receptor modulated neurons controlling metabolism and ingestion","volume":"149","author":"van de Wall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e237","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060237","article-title":"It's not how fat you are, it's what you do with it that counts","volume":"6","author":"Virtue","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3118-09.2010","article-title":"Marked segregation of acute leptin and insulin effects in distinct populations of arcuate Proopiomelanocortin neurons","volume":"30","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/282503a0","article-title":"Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin reduces food intake and body weight of baboons","volume":"282","author":"Woods","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1119","article-title":"Inactivation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) neurons causes decreased pomc expression, mild obesity, and defects in compensatory refeeding","volume":"148","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.019646","article-title":"Insulin drives transcriptional activity of the CYP17 gene in primary cultures of swine theca cells","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2006.10.021","article-title":"Liver-selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonism decreases glucose production and increases glucose disposal, ameliorating insulin resistance","volume":"56","author":"Zinker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1071\/RD09026","article-title":"Disruption in the expression and immunolocalisation of steroid receptors and steroidogenic enzymes in letrozole-induced polycystic ovaries in rat","volume":"21","author":"Zurvarra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."}],"container-title":["Cell Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1550413110000720?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1550413110000720?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,27]],"date-time":"2019-05-27T21:35:37Z","timestamp":1558992937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1550413110000720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1550413110000720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.002","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.3291957.2978055","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1550-4131"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-4131","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}}}