{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:53:08Z","timestamp":1790751188014,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012041","name":"Versus Arthritis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009187","name":"Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009187","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T11:13:27Z","timestamp":1622546007000},"page":"1088-1097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["The emerging field of regulatory B cell immunometabolism"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Rosser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Mauri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-017-9763-4","article-title":"Altered B cell homeostasis in patients with major depressive disorder and normalization of CD5 surface expression on regulatory B cells in treatment responders","volume":"13","author":"Ahmetspahic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1213-9","article-title":"TIM-1 defines a human regulatory B cell population that is altered in frequency and function in systemic sclerosis patients","volume":"19","author":"Aravena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.11.007","article-title":"SCENITH: a flow cytometry-based method to functionally profile energy metabolism with single-cell resolution","volume":"32","author":"Arg\u00fcello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3961","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102880","article-title":"Marginal zone B cells regulate antigen-specific T cell responses during infection","volume":"188","author":"Bankoti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17179-4","article-title":"Cholesterol metabolism drives regulatory B cell IL-10 through provision of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate","volume":"11","author":"Bibby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3492","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803052","article-title":"Selective targeting of B cells with agonistic anti-CD40 is an efficacious strategy for the generation of induced regulatory T2-like B cells and for the suppression of lupus in MRL\/lpr mice","volume":"182","author":"Blair","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.11.009","article-title":"CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) B cells exhibit regulatory capacity in healthy individuals but are functionally impaired in systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"32","author":"Blair","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.04.009","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of the immune humoral response","volume":"46","author":"Boothby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.02.008","article-title":"Lipid-antigen presentation by CD1d(+) B cells is essential for the maintenance of invariant natural killer T\u00a0cells","volume":"36","author":"Bosma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03034","article-title":"CD9+ regulatory B cells induce T\u00a0cell apoptosis via IL-10 and are reduced in severe asthmatic patients","volume":"9","author":"Brosseau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1712","article-title":"CD98hc facilitates B cell proliferation and adaptive humoral immunity","volume":"10","author":"Cantor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3626","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302062","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming is required for antibody production that is suppressed in anergic but exaggerated in chronically BAFF-exposed B cells","volume":"192","author":"Caro-Maldonado","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5569","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100284","article-title":"Mice lacking endogenous IL-10-producing regulatory B cells develop exacerbated disease and present with an increased frequency of Th1\/Th17 but a decrease in regulatory T cells","volume":"186","author":"Carter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0392-2","article-title":"Immune metabolism regulation of the germinal center response","volume":"52","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.10.1221","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood","volume":"28","author":"Cummings","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144156","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.144156","article-title":"Gut-derived acetate promotes B10 cells with antiinflammatory effects","volume":"6","author":"Da\u00efen","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00838-4","article-title":"IL-12p35 induces expansion of IL-10 and IL-35-expressing regulatory B cells and ameliorates autoimmune disease","volume":"8","author":"Dambuza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103139","article-title":"IL-10-producing regulatory B cells in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"189","author":"Das","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI46274","article-title":"Regulatory B cells are identified by expression of TIM-1 and can be induced through TIM-1 ligation to promote tolerance in mice","volume":"121","author":"Ding","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7868","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.12.7868","article-title":"Novel suppressive function of transitional 2 B cells in experimental arthritis","volume":"178","author":"Evans","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01368","article-title":"APRIL induces a novel subset of IgA+ regulatory B cells that suppress inflammation via expression of IL-10 and PD-L1","volume":"10","author":"Fehres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173ra23","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005407","article-title":"CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells maintain regulatory T\u00a0cells while limiting TH1 and TH17 differentiation","volume":"5","author":"Flores-Borja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2018.07.001","article-title":"Frequency of regulatory B cells in adipose tissue and peripheral blood from individuals with overweight, obesity and normal-weight","volume":"12","author":"Garc\u00eda-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1403246","article-title":"IL-10+ innate-like B cells are part of the skin immune system and require \u03b14\u03b21 integrin to migrate between the peritoneum and inflamed skin","volume":"196","author":"Geherin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14080","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700326104","article-title":"Apoptotic cells protect mice from autoimmune inflammation by the induction of regulatory B cells","volume":"104","author":"Gray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838216","article-title":"1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) promotes IL-10 production in human B cells","volume":"38","author":"Heine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.06.002","article-title":"A proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) promotes IL-10 production and regulatory functions of human B cells","volume":"73","author":"Hua","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-018-0910-4","article-title":"Coexistence of regulatory B cells and regulatory T\u00a0cells in tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte aggregates is a prognostic factor in patients with breast cancer","volume":"26","author":"Ishigami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-07-294249","article-title":"Characterization of a rare IL-10-competent B-cell subset in humans that parallels mouse regulatory B10 cells","volume":"117","author":"Iwata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/10409238.2016.1215288","article-title":"The PI3K pathway in B cell metabolism","volume":"51","author":"Jellusova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5904","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400336","article-title":"A novel mechanism of B cell-mediated immune suppression through CD73 expression and adenosine production","volume":"193","author":"Kaku","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5997","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6997","article-title":"PD-L1hi B cells are critical regulators of humoral immunity","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70131","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070131","article-title":"Interleukin-5 supports the expansion of fas ligand-expressing killer B cells that induce antigen-specific apoptosis of CD4(+) T\u00a0cells and secrete interleukin-10","volume":"8","author":"Klinker","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.07.046","article-title":"Human CD40 ligand-expressing type 3 innate lymphoid cells induce IL-10-producing immature transitional regulatory B cells","volume":"142","author":"Koml\u00f3si","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.1.259","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of Foxp3 expression in regulatory T\u00a0cells by DNA methylation","volume":"182","author":"Lal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-3450","article-title":"Interleukin 21-induced granzyme B-expressing B cells infiltrate tumors and regulate T\u00a0cells","volume":"73","author":"Lindner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.06.007","article-title":"LAG-3 inhibitory receptor expression identifies immunosuppressive natural regulatory plasma cells","volume":"49","author":"Lino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160069","article-title":"IL-10-producing regulatory B-cells suppressed effector T-cells but enhanced regulatory T-cells in chronic HBV infection","volume":"130","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.09.045","article-title":"MicroRNAs 15A and 16-1 activate signaling pathways that mediate chemotaxis of immune regulatory B cells to colorectal tumors","volume":"154","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-009-0014-x","article-title":"Killer B lymphocytes: the evidence and the potential","volume":"58","author":"Lundy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.1.271-280.2001","article-title":"Soluble egg antigen-stimulated T helper lymphocyte apoptosis and evidence for cell death mediated by FasL(+) T and B cells during murine Schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"69","author":"Lundy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08711-2","article-title":"The short-chain fatty acid pentanoate suppresses autoimmunity by modulating the metabolic-epigenetic crosstalk in lymphocytes","volume":"10","author":"Luu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2007.04.008","article-title":"B cells and the BAFF\/APRIL axis: fast-forward on autoimmunity and signaling","volume":"19","author":"Mackay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.016","article-title":"Interleukin-10-producing plasmablasts exert regulatory function in autoimmune inflammation","volume":"41","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-074934","article-title":"Immune regulatory function of B cells","volume":"30","author":"Mauri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02683-x","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 is a critical transcription factor for IL-10-producing B cells in autoimmune disease","volume":"9","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.012","article-title":"A regulatory feedback between plasmacytoid dendritic cells and regulatory B cells is aberrant in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"44","author":"Menon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1109173109","article-title":"A tolerogenic role for Toll-like receptor 9 is revealed by B-cell interaction with DNA complexes expressed on apoptotic cells","volume":"109","author":"Miles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13083","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49581-4","article-title":"Increased regulatory B cells are involved in immune evasion in patients with gastric cancer","volume":"9","author":"Murakami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.10.016","article-title":"Signaling via the MyD88 adaptor protein in B cells suppresses protective immunity during Salmonella typhimurium infection","volume":"33","author":"Neves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.09.017","article-title":"Adipose natural regulatory B cells negatively control adipose tissue inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Nishimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830220314","article-title":"Ly-1 B (B-1) cells are the main source of B cell-derived interleukin 10","volume":"22","author":"O\u2019Garra","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02911-y","article-title":"CD1d-dependent immune suppression mediated by regulatory B cells through modulations of iNKT cells","volume":"9","author":"Oleinika","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.10.018","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor contributes to the transcriptional program of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells","volume":"29","author":"Piper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2003","article-title":"A granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-15 fusokine induces a regulatory B cell population with immune suppressive properties","volume":"15","author":"Rafei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.04.005","article-title":"Regulatory B cells: origin, phenotype, and function","volume":"42","author":"Rosser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3680","article-title":"Regulatory B cells are induced by gut microbiota-driven interleukin-1\u03b2 and interleukin-6 production","volume":"20","author":"Rosser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.03.003","article-title":"Microbiota-derived metabolites suppress arthritis by amplifying aryl-hydrocarbon receptor activation in regulatory B cells","volume":"31","author":"Rosser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.032","article-title":"IL-10-producing regulatory B cells induced by IL-33 (Breg(IL-33)) effectively attenuate mucosal inflammatory responses in the gut","volume":"50","author":"Sattler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-02-482406","article-title":"Adenosine production by human B cells and B cell-mediated suppression of activated T\u00a0cells","volume":"122","author":"Saze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10662","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100994108","article-title":"B regulatory cells and the tumor-promoting actions of TNF-a during squamous carcinogenesis","volume":"108","author":"Schioppa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12979","article-title":"IL-35-producing B cells are critical regulators of immunity during autoimmune and infectious diseases","volume":"507","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1160\/TH14-12-1084","article-title":"B regulatory cells are increased in hypercholesterolaemic mice and protect from lesion development via IL-10","volume":"114","author":"Strom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.09.070","article-title":"Transcriptomics identify CD9 as a marker of murine IL-10-competent regulatory B cells","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01632","article-title":"Metabolism controls the balance of Th17\/T-regulatory cells","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib59","article-title":"Immunosuppressive B cells expressing PD-1\/PD-L1 in solid tumors: a mini review","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.2.1081","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-activated B cells down-regulate Th1 immunity and prevent autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice","volume":"167","author":"Tian","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201848025","article-title":"IL-10-producing B cells are characterized by a specific methylation signature","volume":"49","author":"Tonon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.01.014","article-title":"IgG4 production is confined to human IL-10-producing regulatory B cells that suppress antigen-specific immune responses","volume":"131","author":"van de Veen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3554","article-title":"Interleukin-35 induces regulatory B cells that suppress autoimmune disease","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2018.07.005","article-title":"Initial B cell activation induces metabolic reprogramming and mitochondrial remodeling","volume":"5","author":"Waters","year":"2018","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21673","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911464116","article-title":"IL-10-producing B cells are enriched in murine pericardial adipose tissues and ameliorate the outcome of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"116","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12105","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1120914109","article-title":"Defect in regulatory B-cell function and development of systemic autoimmunity in T-cell Ig mucin 1 (Tim-1) mucin domain-mutant mice","volume":"109","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.03.017","article-title":"A regulatory B cell subset with a unique CD1dhiCD5+ phenotype controls T\u00a0cell-dependent inflammatory responses","volume":"28","author":"Yanaba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902551","article-title":"Novel function of B cell-activating factor in the induction of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells","volume":"184","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11501","article-title":"Regulatory B cells control T-cell autoimmunity through IL-21-dependent cognate interactions","volume":"491","author":"Yoshizaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03345","article-title":"TSP1-producing B cells show immune regulatory property and suppress allergy-related mucosal inflammation","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Cell Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1550413121002254?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1550413121002254?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T07:37:44Z","timestamp":1761550664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1550413121002254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1550413121002254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4131"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-4131","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The emerging field of regulatory B cell immunometabolism","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cell Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}