{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:47:01Z","timestamp":1792118821643,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":367,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019452","name":"Halpin Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019452","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2CTR002818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2CTR002818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT-183901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-183901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003579","name":"University of Toronto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007270","name":"University of Michigan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008349","name":"Boehringer Ingelheim","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016650","name":"Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016650","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T10:34:20Z","timestamp":1681468460000},"page":"875-886.e5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Metformin triggers a kidney GDF15-dependent area postrema axis to regulate food intake and body weight"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Song-Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyla","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Danaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa J.W.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Kuah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Mi","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura H.","family":"Mariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Z.","family":"Cherney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer F.M.","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather N.","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony K.T.","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1299","article-title":"Long-term safety, tolerability, and weight loss associated with metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study","volume":"35","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00314.x","article-title":"Metformin decreases food consumption and induces weight loss in subjects with obesity with type II non-insulin-dependent diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1911-y","article-title":"GDF15 mediates the effects of metformin on body weight and energy balance","volume":"578","author":"Coll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0146-4","article-title":"Metformin-induced increases in GDF15 are important for suppressing appetite and promoting weight loss","volume":"1","author":"Day","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan8732","article-title":"Long-acting MIC-1\/GDF15 molecules to treat obesity: evidence from mice to monkeys","volume":"9","author":"Xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.12.016","article-title":"GDF15 provides an endocrine signal of nutritional stress in mice and humans","volume":"29","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133362","article-title":"Serum levels of human MIC-1\/GDF15 vary in a diurnal pattern, do not display a profile suggestive of a satiety factor and are related to BMI","volume":"10","author":"Tsai","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1682","article-title":"Growth differentiation Factor 15 as a novel biomarker for metformin","volume":"40","author":"Gerstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2014.38.6.472","article-title":"GDF15 is a novel biomarker for impaired fasting glucose","volume":"38","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.153726","article-title":"The relationship between insulin resistance and the cardiovascular biomarker growth differentiation factor-15 in obese patients","volume":"57","author":"Vila","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4393","article-title":"The metabolic effects of GDF15 are mediated by the orphan receptor GFRAL","volume":"23","author":"Emmerson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24042","article-title":"Non-homeostatic body weight regulation through a brainstem-restricted receptor for GDF15","volume":"550","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4392","article-title":"GFRAL is the receptor for GDF15 and the ligand promotes weight loss in mice and nonhuman primates","volume":"23","author":"Mullican","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4394","article-title":"GFRAL is the receptor for GDF15 and is required for the anti-obesity effects of the ligand","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.55164","article-title":"The cytokine GDF15 signals through a population of brainstem cholecystokinin neurons to mediate anorectic signalling","volume":"9","author":"Worth","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021357118","article-title":"GFRAL-expressing neurons suppress food intake via aversive pathways","volume":"118","author":"Sabatini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100370","article-title":"The anorectic actions of the TGFbeta cytokine MIC-1\/GDF15 require an intact brainstem area postrema and nucleus of the solitary tract","volume":"9","author":"Tsai","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2013.01.011","article-title":"Metformin decreases meal size and number and increases c-Fos expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius of obese mice","volume":"110\u2013111","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.11.028","article-title":"The effect of metformin on neuronal activity in the appetite-regulating brain regions of mice fed a high-fat diet during an anorectic period","volume":"154","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib20","first-page":"2552","article-title":"Acute oral metformin enhances satiation and activates brainstem nesfatinergic neurons","volume":"22","author":"Rouquet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111258","article-title":"The GDF15-GFRAL pathway is dispensable for the effects of metformin on energy balance","volume":"40","author":"Klein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(88)80022-6","article-title":"Metformin in the digestive tract","volume":"4","author":"Vidon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3109\/00498259409043220","article-title":"Accumulation of metformin by tissues of the normal and diabetic mouse","volume":"24","author":"Wilcock","year":"1994","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.177774","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo imaging of human 11C-Metformin in peripheral organs: dosimetry, biodistribution, and kinetic analyses","volume":"57","author":"Gormsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Nucl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05766-5","article-title":"High-fidelity CRISPR\/Cas9- based gene-specific hydroxymethylation rescues gene expression and attenuates renal fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.09.026","article-title":"Metformin-induced inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory\u00a0chain increases FGF21 expression via ATF4 activation","volume":"440","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119356","article-title":"ATF4-mediated GDF15 suppresses LPS-induced inflammation and MUC5AC in human nasal epithelial cells through the PI3K\/Akt pathway","volume":"275","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201607110","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor 15 is a myomitokine governing systemic energy homeostasis","volume":"216","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1210308","article-title":"Corticosterone and prolactin responses to repeated handling and transfer of male rats","volume":"83","author":"Dobrakovov\u00e1","year":"1984","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib30","first-page":"9","article-title":"The effect of brief halothane anesthesia during daily gavage on complications and body weight in rats","volume":"40","author":"Murphy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3787","article-title":"Metformin activates a duodenal Ampk-dependent pathway to lower hepatic glucose production in rats","volume":"21","author":"Duca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1284","article-title":"Novel assay of metformin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and varying levels of renal function: clinical recommendations","volume":"33","author":"Frid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0125-4","article-title":"Metformin inhibits gluconeogenesis via a redox-dependent mechanism in\u00a0vivo","volume":"24","author":"Madiraju","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13264","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of metformin in patients with gastrointestinal intolerance","volume":"20","author":"McCreight","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200544070-00004","article-title":"Steady-state pharmacokinetics of a novel extended-release metformin formulation","volume":"44","author":"Timmins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04133-7","article-title":"Aldehyde-driven transcriptional stress triggers an anorexic DNA damage response","volume":"600","author":"Mulderrig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016080919","article-title":"Growth differentiation Factor-15 and risk of CKD progression","volume":"28","author":"Nair","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105759","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) levels are associated with cardiac and renal injury in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"9","author":"Kahli","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib39","first-page":"462","article-title":"The role of GDF-15 in heart failure patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"35","author":"Benes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108082","article-title":"Potential biomarkers for early detection of diabetic kidney disease","volume":"161","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0417","article-title":"Increased serum concentrations of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the influence of very low calorie diet","volume":"161","author":"Dost\u00e1lov\u00e1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.01.006","article-title":"Infusion of the amylin\u00a0antagonist AC 187 into the area postrema increases food intake in rats","volume":"81","author":"Mollet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib43","series-title":"The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates","author":"Paxinos","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.04.078","article-title":"Transporters involved in metformin pharmacokinetics and treatment response","volume":"106","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2165\/11534750-000000000-00000","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin","volume":"50","author":"Graham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410051337","article-title":"Expression of a novel member of the TGF-beta superfamily, growth\/differentiation factor-15\/macrophage-inhibiting cytokine-1 (GDF-15\/MIC-1) in adult rat tissues","volume":"297","author":"B\u00f6ttner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.491S","article-title":"From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health","volume":"88","author":"Norman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00011.2009","article-title":"Physiology of kidney renin","volume":"90","author":"Castrop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.195057","article-title":"Regulation of erythropoietin production","volume":"589","author":"Jelkmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R455","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00568.2013","article-title":"Plasticity of renal endocrine function","volume":"308","author":"Kurt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.78","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress eIF2alpha-ATF4 pathway-mediated cyclooxygenase-2 induction regulates cadmium-induced autophagy in kidney","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13519","article-title":"Metformin is the key factor in elevated plasma growth differentiation factor-15 levels in type 2 diabetes: A nested, case-control study","volume":"21","author":"Natali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aac7071","article-title":"Tissue transcriptome-driven identification of epidermal growth factor as a chronic kidney disease biomarker","volume":"7","author":"Ju","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101132","article-title":"Small intestinal taurochenodeoxycholic acid-FXR axis alters local nutrient-sensing glucoregulatory pathways in rats","volume":"44","author":"Waise","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321757","article-title":"FXR in the dorsal vagal complex is sufficient and necessary for upper small intestinal microbiome-mediated changes of TCDCA to alter insulin action in rats","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1089\/10430340252792530","article-title":"Lentiviral gene transduction of kidney","volume":"13","author":"Gusella","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.09.019","article-title":"Metformin alters upper small intestinal microbiota that impact a glucose-SGLT1-sensing glucoregulatory pathway","volume":"27","author":"Bauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21231","article-title":"Impaired GLP-1 signaling contributes to reduced sensitivity to duodenal nutrients in obesity-prone rats during high-fat feeding","volume":"23","author":"Duca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03439","article-title":"Hypothalamic K(ATP) channels control hepatic glucose production","volume":"434","author":"Pocai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.12.004","article-title":"GDF15 induces anorexia through nausea and emesis","volume":"31","author":"Borner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F162","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00129.2021","article-title":"Kidney resident macrophages in the rat have minimal turnover and replacement by blood monocytes","volume":"321","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13501","article-title":"Inhibition of glycine transporter-1 in the dorsal vagal complex improves metabolic homeostasis in diabetes and obesity","volume":"7","author":"Yue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.428","article-title":"Design of the nephrotic syndrome Study Network (Neptune) to evaluate primary glomerular nephropathy by a multidisciplinary approach","volume":"83","author":"Gadegbeku","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int."}],"container-title":["Cell Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S155041312300092X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S155041312300092X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T07:44:12Z","timestamp":1761551052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S155041312300092X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S155041312300092X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4131"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-4131","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Metformin triggers a kidney GDF15-dependent area postrema axis to regulate food intake and body weight","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cell Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.03.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}