{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:20:48Z","timestamp":1790677248484,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T12:20:43Z","timestamp":1556799643000},"page":"1473-1478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":431,"title":["Non-specific effects of BCG vaccine on viral infections"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"S.J.C.F.M.","family":"Moorlag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.J.W.","family":"Arts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"van Crevel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.G.","family":"Netea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit790","article-title":"Protection by BCG vaccine against tuberculosis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"58","author":"Mangtani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.157537","article-title":"The non-specific effects of vaccines","volume":"95","author":"Shann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2013.01.007","article-title":"Nonspecific effects of vaccines and the reduction of mortality in children","volume":"35","author":"Shann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00181-6","article-title":"BCG scar and positive tuberculin reaction associated with reduced child mortality in West Africa. A non-specific beneficial effect of BCG?","volume":"21","author":"Garly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh392","article-title":"BCG vaccination scar associated with better childhood survival in Guinea-Bissau","volume":"34","author":"Roth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7274.1435","article-title":"Routine vaccinations and child survival: follow up study in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa","volume":"321","author":"Kristensen","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir240","article-title":"Randomized trial of BCG vaccination at birth to low-birth-weight children: beneficial nonspecific effects in the neonatal period?","volume":"204","author":"Aaby","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182458289","article-title":"Small randomized trial among low\u2013birth-weight children receiving Bacillus calmette-gu\u00e9rin vaccination at first health center contact","volume":"31","author":"Biering-S\u00f8rensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix525","article-title":"Early BCG-Denmark and neonatal mortality among infants weighing <2500 g: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Biering-S\u00f8rensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002198","article-title":"Two randomized trials of the effect of the Russian strain of Bacillus calmette-guerin alone or with oral polio vaccine on neonatal mortality in infants weighing <2000 g in India","volume":"38","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ454","article-title":"Editorial commentary: different strains of Bacillus calmette-guerin vaccine have very different effects on tuberculosis and on unrelated infections","volume":"61","author":"Shann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.09.006","article-title":"Acute lower respiratory tract infections and respiratory syncytial virus in infants in Guinea-Bissau: a beneficial effect of BCG vaccination for girls community based case-control study","volume":"23","author":"Stensballe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib13","first-page":"185","article-title":"The efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccinations for the prevention of acute upper respiratory tract infection in the elderly","volume":"43","author":"Wardhana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Med Indones"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3143\/geriatrics.42.34","article-title":"[Prevention of elderly pneumonia by pneumococcal, influenza and BCG vaccinations]","volume":"42","author":"Ohrui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1714021","article-title":"Prevention of M. tuberculosis infection with H4:IC31 vaccine or BCG revaccination","volume":"379","author":"Nemes","year":"2018","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2012.01848.x","article-title":"Treatment of common and plane warts in children with topical viable Bacillus Calmette-Guerin","volume":"30","author":"Salem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.188651","volume":"83","author":"Podder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12336","article-title":"BCG vaccine for immunotherapy in warts: is it really safe in a tuberculosis endemic area?","volume":"29","author":"Daulatabad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv332","article-title":"BCG vaccination enhances the immunogenicity of subsequent influenza vaccination in healthy volunteers: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"212","author":"Leentjens","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.03.059","article-title":"Non-specific effect of Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine on the immune response to routine immunisations","volume":"31","author":"Ritz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.2.919","article-title":"Influence of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin on antibody and cytokine responses to human neonatal vaccination","volume":"168","author":"Ota","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00029","article-title":"Adjuvant effect of bacille calmette-guerin on hepatitis B vaccine immunogenicity in the preterm and term newborn","volume":"9","author":"Scheid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0392-y","article-title":"Antibody responses to viral infections: a structural perspective across three different enveloped viruses","volume":"4","author":"Murin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/136.2.171","article-title":"Nonspecific protection of mice against influenza virus infection by local or systemic immunization with Bacille Calmette-Guerin","volume":"136","author":"Spencer","year":"1977","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180143","article-title":"Boosting efferocytosis in alveolar space using BCG vaccine to protect host against influenza pneumonia","volume":"12","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-152-39327","article-title":"Effects of immunostimulants on resistance of newborn mice to herpes simplex type 2 infection","volume":"152","author":"Starr","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(85)90025-7","article-title":"Enhancement of non-specific resistance to viral infection by muramyldipeptide and its analogs","volume":"5","author":"Ikeda","year":"1985","journal-title":"Antivir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(87)90155-1","article-title":"Suppression of Sendai virus growth by treatment with N alpha-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-N epsilon-stearoyl-L-lysine in mice","volume":"5","author":"Ishihara","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00869","article-title":"Bacillus calmette-guerin-induced trained immunity is not protective for experimental influenza A\/Anhui\/1\/2013 (H7N9) infection in mice","volume":"9","author":"de Bree","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1159\/000452171","article-title":"Bacillus calmette-guerin confers neuroprotection in a murine model of Japanese encephalitis","volume":"23","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.19.1.225-230.1978","article-title":"Enhanced resistance against encephalomyocarditis virus infection in mice, induced by a nonviable Mycobacterium tuberculosis oil-droplet vaccine","volume":"19","author":"Lodmell","year":"1978","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.22.3.740-745.1978","article-title":"Induction of enhanced resistance against encephalomyocarditis virus infection of mice by nonviable Mycobacterium tuberculosis: mechanisms of protection","volume":"22","author":"Lodmell","year":"1978","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.20.1.312-314.1978","article-title":"Effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis BCG infection on the resistance of mice to ectromelia virus infection: participation of interferon in enhanced resistance","volume":"20","author":"Suenaga","year":"1978","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.42.2.567-573.1983","article-title":"Mechanisms of enhanced resistance of Mycobacterium bovis BCG-treated mice to ectromelia virus infection","volume":"42","author":"Sakuma","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib35","first-page":"173","article-title":"Increased resistance to virus infections of mice inoculated with BCG (Bacillus calmette-guerin)","volume":"127","author":"Floc'h","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann Immunol (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.43","article-title":"Harnessing the beneficial heterologous effects of vaccination","volume":"16","author":"Goodridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3528","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02393-08","article-title":"CD4 T-cell-mediated heterologous immunity between mycobacteria and poxviruses","volume":"83","author":"Mathurin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib38","first-page":"152","article-title":"Long-lasting effects of BCG vaccination on both heterologous Th1\/Th17 responses and innate trained immunity","volume":"6","author":"Kleinnijenhuis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Innate Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2478\/folmed-2013-0005","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of BCG in patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis","volume":"55","author":"Vetskova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Folia Med (Plovdiv)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aaf1098","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1098","article-title":"Trained immunity: a program of innate immune memory in health and disease","volume":"352","author":"Netea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17537","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202870109","article-title":"Bacille Calmette-Guerin induces NOD2-dependent nonspecific protection from reinfection via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes","volume":"109","author":"Kleinnijenhuis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.12.010","article-title":"BCG vaccination protects against experimental viral infection in humans through the induction of cytokines associated with trained immunity","volume":"23","author":"Arts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-010-9431-4","article-title":"Inflammasomes and anti-viral immunity","volume":"30","author":"Rathinam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.02.005","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome mediates in\u00a0vivo innate immunity to influenza A virus through recognition of viral RNA","volume":"30","author":"Allen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.02.006","article-title":"The intracellular sensor NLRP3 mediates key innate and healing responses to influenza A virus via the regulation of caspase-1","volume":"30","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.131.5.2545","article-title":"Nonspecific cytotoxicity of vaccinia-induced peritoneal exudates in hamsters is mediated by Thy-1.2 homologue-positive cells distinct from NK cells and macrophages","volume":"131","author":"Yang","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-3434-1_26","article-title":"Stimulation of host-defense mechanism with synthetic adjuvants and recombinant cytokines against viral infection in mice","volume":"319","author":"Azuma","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1086\/520094","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and interleukin-1\u03b2 play a critical role in the resistance against lethal herpes simplex virus encephalitis","volume":"196","author":"Sergerie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib49","first-page":"797","article-title":"Recurrent herpes genitalis. Treatment with Mycobacterium bovis (BCG)","volume":"43","author":"Anderson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib50","first-page":"200","article-title":"[Nonspecific immune stimulation with BCG in Herpes simplex recidivans. Follow-up 5 to 10 years after BCG vaccination]","volume":"104","author":"Hippmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00643","article-title":"Development of a live recombinant BCG expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gag using a pMyong2 vector system: potential use as a novel HIV-1 vaccine","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.05.071","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of the vaccinia virus LC16m8Delta vector expressing SIV Gag under a strong or moderate promoter in a recombinant BCG prime-recombinant vaccinia virus boost protocol","volume":"31","author":"Sato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5812\/hepatmon.14178","article-title":"Immunization of mice by BCG formulated HCV core protein elicited higher Th1-oriented responses compared to pluronic-F127 copolymer","volume":"13","author":"Yazdanian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepat Mon"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X19301971?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X19301971?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T07:22:55Z","timestamp":1761117775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1198743X19301971"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1198743X19301971"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["1198-743X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1198-743X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Non-specific effects of BCG vaccine on viral infections","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}