{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T16:30:04Z","timestamp":1791045004859,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T14:18:11Z","timestamp":1623421091000},"page":"299.e1-299.e8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Factors associated with the detection of norovirus among asymptomatic adults"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Daiki","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Yokota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shizuka","family":"Yamagata-Uyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayuko","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001318","article-title":"Updated classification of norovirus genogroups and genotypes","volume":"100","author":"Chhabra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151219","article-title":"Global economic burden of norovirus gastroenteritis","volume":"11","author":"Bartsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2015.01.011","article-title":"Burden of norovirus in healthcare facilities and strategies for outbreak control","volume":"89","author":"Kambhampati","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(89)90119-0","article-title":"Oncologic and functional considerations of total glossectomy","volume":"158","author":"Sultan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3046-5","article-title":"An outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis associated with asymptomatic food handlers in Kinmen, Taiwan","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu479","article-title":"Sources of Calicivirus contamination in foodborne outbreaks in Denmark, 2005\u20132011\u2014the role of the asymptomatic food handler","volume":"211","author":"Franck","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.11.015","article-title":"Foodborne gastroenteritis outbreak in an Austrian healthcare facility caused by asymptomatic, norovirus-excreting kitchen staff","volume":"77","author":"Schmid","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir971","article-title":"Nosocomial transmission of norovirus is mainly caused by symptomatic cases","volume":"54","author":"Sukhrie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit763","article-title":"Multiple norovirus infections in a birth cohort in a Peruvian Periurban community","volume":"58","author":"Saito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881400274X","article-title":"Shedding of norovirus in symptomatic and asymptomatic infections","volume":"143","author":"Teunis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-009-0729-1","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for community-acquired acute gastroenteritis in north-west Germany in 2004","volume":"28","author":"Karsten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.7.666","article-title":"Sensor, a population-based cohort study on gastroenteritis in The Netherlands: incidence and etiology","volume":"154","author":"de Wit","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810000439","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community in England","volume":"138","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.08.020","article-title":"Occurrence of norovirus infection in an asymptomatic population in Indonesia","volume":"55","author":"Utsumi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810002839","article-title":"Risk factors for symptomatic and asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community","volume":"139","author":"Phillips","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib16","series-title":"Epidemic situation of infectious gastroenteritis","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03406-16","article-title":"Environmental surveillance of norovirus genogroups i and ii for sensitive detection of epidemic variants","volume":"83","author":"Kazama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006136","article-title":"Static and evolving norovirus genotypes: implications for epidemiology and immunity","volume":"13","author":"Parra","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1908.130472","article-title":"Duration of immunity to norovirus gastroenteritis","volume":"19","author":"Simmons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2017.02.015","article-title":"Infection of exposed patients during norovirus outbreaks: are there predictive parameters?","volume":"96","author":"Kampmeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2012.10.011","article-title":"A\u00a0norovirus outbreak in a nursing home: norovirus shedding time associated with age","volume":"56","author":"Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1999-8","article-title":"Norovirus genotype distribution in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis among children and older people: an 8-year study","volume":"16","author":"Kumazaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.50.2.261-264.1985","article-title":"Inactivation of Norwalk virus in drinking water by chlorine","volume":"50","author":"Keswick","year":"1985","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2016.1151337","article-title":"Antiviral effects of black raspberry (Rubus coreanus) seed extract and its polyphenolic compounds on norovirus surrogates","volume":"80","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosci Biotechnol Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810000993","article-title":"Norovirus disease associated with excess mortality and use of statins: a retrospective cohort study of an outbreak following a pilgrimage to Lourdes","volume":"139","author":"Rondy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041619","article-title":"The effects of simvastatin or interferon-alpha on infectivity of human norovirus using a gnotobiotic pig model for the study of antivirals","volume":"7","author":"Jung","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.054080-0","article-title":"Median infectious dose of human norovirus GII.4 in gnotobiotic pigs is decreased by simvastatin treatment and increased by age","volume":"94","author":"Bui","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070638","article-title":"Human norovirus cultivation in nontransformed stem cell-derived human intestinal enteroid cultures: success and challenges","volume":"11","author":"Estes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx131","article-title":"Can use of viral load improve norovirus clinical diagnosis and disease attribution?","volume":"4","author":"Shioda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X21003219?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X21003219?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T07:30:46Z","timestamp":1761118246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1198743X21003219"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1198743X21003219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1198-743X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1198-743X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Factors associated with the detection of norovirus among asymptomatic adults","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}