{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:03:49Z","timestamp":1792587829538,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":60,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T03:34:54Z","timestamp":1625628894000},"page":"1685-1692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Immunomodulatory therapy, risk factors and outcomes of hospital-acquired bloodstream infection in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a Spanish case\u2013control matched multicentre study (BACTCOVID)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Abelenda-Alonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Rombauts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlota","family":"Gudiol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Oriol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Simonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Coloma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Molinero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisenda","family":"Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicens","family":"D\u00edaz-Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Sanmart\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariadna","family":"Padull\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Grau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar","family":"Ras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Bergas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Llu\u00efsa","family":"Guillem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Blanco-Ar\u00e9valo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Alvarez-Pouso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Pallar\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Videla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Teb\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Carratal\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31713-X","article-title":"The need for an independent evaluation of the COVID-19 response in Spain","volume":"396","author":"Garc\u00eda-Basteiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214367","article-title":"Risk of serious infections in tocilizumab versus other biologic drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a multidatabase cohort study","volume":"78","author":"Pawar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.06.022","article-title":"Corticosteroids for the treatment of human infection with influenza virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.02.029","article-title":"Nurse staffing, burnout, and health care-associated infection","volume":"40","author":"Cimiotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Infect Contr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa012247","article-title":"Nurse-Staffing levels and the quality of care in hospitals","volume":"346","author":"Needleman","year":"2002","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2010419","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City","volume":"382","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.041","article-title":"Incidence of co-infections and superinfections in hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Garcia-Vidal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.016","article-title":"Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19: a living rapid review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Langford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.10.021","article-title":"Secondary infections in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: incidence and predictive factors","volume":"27","author":"Ripa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.368","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal coinfections in COVID-19 patients hospitalized during the New York City pandemic surge","volume":"42","author":"Nori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R100","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10114","article-title":"Acquired bloodstream infection in the intensive care unit: incidence and attributable mortality","volume":"15","author":"Prowle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e995","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1748","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes of hospitalized patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and secondary bloodstream infections: a multicenter case-control study","volume":"72","author":"Bhatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa530","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal coinfection in individuals with coronavirus: a rapid review to support COVID-19 antimicrobial prescribing","volume":"71","author":"Rawson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4578-y","article-title":"Increased incidence of co-infection in critically ill patients with influenza","volume":"43","author":"Martin-Loeches","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13319","article-title":"Bloodstream infections in critically ill patients with COVID-19","volume":"50","author":"Giacobbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06346-w","article-title":"COVID-19 increased the risk of ICU-acquired bloodstream infections: a case-cohort study from the multicentric OUTCOMEREA network","volume":"47","author":"Buetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1861","article-title":"The occurrence and impact of bacterial organisms complicating critical care illness associated with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection","volume":"144","author":"Muscedere","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2013.06.005","article-title":"Polymicrobial bloodstream infections: epidemiology and impact on mortality","volume":"1","author":"Pavlaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004748","article-title":"Unexpectedly high frequency of enterococcal bloodstream infections in coronavirus disease 2019 patients admitted to an Italian ICU: an observational study","volume":"49","author":"Bonazzetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74734","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074734","article-title":"Increase in bloodstream infection due to vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium in cancer patients: risk factors, molecular epidemiology and outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Gudiol","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.381","article-title":"Antibiotic prescription during the COVID-19 pandemic: a biphasic pattern","volume":"41","author":"Abelenda-Alonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.024","article-title":"COVID-19: don\u2019t neglect antimicrobial stewardship principles!","volume":"26","author":"Huttner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx496","article-title":"Clinical outcomes after combination treatment with ceftazidime\/avibactam and aztreonam for NDM-1\/OXA-48\/CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infection","volume":"73","author":"Shaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2015.10.024","article-title":"D-dimer and histamine in early stage bacteremia: a prospective controlled cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Schwameis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028700","article-title":"Tocilizumab in hospitalized patients with severe Covid-19 pneumonia","volume":"384","author":"Rosas","year":"2021","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2031994","article-title":"Baricitinib plus remdesivir for hospitalized adults with Covid-19","volume":"384","author":"Kalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.06.209","article-title":"Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on hospital acquired infection rates in the United States: predictions and early results","volume":"48","author":"McMullen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Infect Contr"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X21003724?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X21003724?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T07:30:17Z","timestamp":1761118217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1198743X21003724"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1198743X21003724"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041","relation":{},"ISSN":["1198-743X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1198-743X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Immunomodulatory therapy, risk factors and outcomes of hospital-acquired bloodstream infection in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a Spanish case\u2013control matched multicentre study (BACTCOVID)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.041","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}