{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:50:16Z","timestamp":1792813816599,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":752,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T21:24:59Z","timestamp":1636406699000},"page":"611.e9-611.e16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":531,"title":["Female gender is associated with long COVID syndrome: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Tomasoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Falcinella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diletta","family":"Barbanotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Castoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Mul\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Augello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora","family":"Mondatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Allegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Cona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Tesoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianmarco","family":"Tagliaferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ottavia","family":"Vigan\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Suardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Tincati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomaso","family":"Beringheli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Varisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara Luridiana","family":"Battistini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyrie","family":"Piscopo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Vegni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Tavelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Terzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella d\u2019Arminio","family":"Monforte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32656-8","article-title":"6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study","volume":"397","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-02796-2","article-title":"Editorial Long COVID: let patients help define long-lasting COVID symptoms","volume":"586","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101019","article-title":"Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact","volume":"38","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12603","article-title":"Gemelli against COVID-19 post-acute care study group. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19","volume":"324","author":"Carf\u00ec","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surviving COVID-19 in Bergamo Province: a post-acute outpatient re-evaluation","author":"Venturelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00031-X","article-title":"NICE guideline on long COVID","volume":"9","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n136","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n136","article-title":"Managing the long term effects of COVID-19: summary of NICE, SIGN, and RCGP rapid guideline","volume":"372","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m4938","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4938","article-title":"NICE guideline on long COVID","volume":"371","author":"Sivan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m2815","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2815","article-title":"COVID-19: what do we know about \"long COVID","volume":"370","author":"Mahase","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215818","article-title":"Long-COVID\u2019: a cross-sectional study of persisting symptoms, biomarker and imaging abnormalities following hospitalisation for COVID-19","volume":"76","author":"Mandal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.09.052","article-title":"Follow-up of adults with noncritical COVID-19 two months after symptom onset","volume":"27","author":"Carvalho-Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26459","article-title":"Anxiety and depression symptoms after virological clearance of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in Milan, Italy","volume":"93","author":"Tomasoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.07.037","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: role of inflammatory and clinical predictors","volume":"89","author":"Mazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.027","article-title":"Are we facing a crashing wave of neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19? Neuropsychiatric symptoms and potential immunologic mechanisms","volume":"87","author":"Troyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2020.1811894","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder: a differential diagnostic consideration for COVID-19 survivors","volume":"34","author":"Kaseda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.09.023","article-title":"Clinical sequelae of COVID-19 survivors in Wuhan, China: a single-centre longitudinal study","volume":"27","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib18","first-page":"378","article-title":"Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome. Incidence and risk factors: a Mediterranean cohort study","volume":"82","author":"Moreno-P\u00e9rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-5661","article-title":"Sixty-day outcomes among patients hospitalized with COVID-19","volume":"174","author":"Chopra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106197","article-title":"Follow up of patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease sequelae","volume":"174","author":"Daher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.001","article-title":"Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors","volume":"31","author":"Mak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib23","article-title":"Long-term clinical outcomes in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreaks after hospitalisation or ICU admission: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240784","article-title":"Persistent fatigue following SARS-CoV-2 infection is common and independent of severity of initial infection","volume":"15","author":"Townsend","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-11-37","article-title":"Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, depression and disordered sleep in chronic post-SARS syndrome; a case-controlled study","volume":"11","author":"Moldofsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38933.585764.AE","article-title":"Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study","volume":"333","author":"Hickie","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2018.10.22.3","article-title":"Depression as a mediator of chronic fatigue and post-traumatic stress symptoms in Middle East respiratory syndrome survivors","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.048","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: systematic review of the current evidence","volume":"89","author":"Vindegaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23120","article-title":"The psychiatric sequelae of the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescents, adults, and health care workers","volume":"38","author":"Murata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02536-6","article-title":"Sex differences in COVID-19: the role of androgens in disease severity and progression","volume":"71","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa284","article-title":"Higher mortality of COVID-19 in males: sex differences in immune response and cardiovascular comorbidities","volume":"116","author":"Bienvenu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25989","article-title":"A comparison study of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody between male and female COVID-19 patients: a possible reason underlying different outcome between sex","volume":"92","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.01.016","article-title":"Diabetes, obesity, metabolism, and SARS-CoV-2 infection: the end of the beginning","volume":"33","author":"Drucker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X21006297?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X21006297?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T07:31:57Z","timestamp":1761118317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1198743X21006297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1198743X21006297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1198-743X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1198-743X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Female gender is associated with long COVID syndrome: a prospective cohort study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}