{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:11:38Z","timestamp":1789103498051,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T02:27:34Z","timestamp":1652840854000},"page":"1251-1257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Myxovirus resistance protein A for discriminating between viral and bacterial lower respiratory tract infections in children \u2013 The TREND study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Rhedin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Eklundh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malin","family":"Ryd-Rinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ville","family":"Peltola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Waris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesper","family":"Gantelius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Lindh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Gaudenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"M\u00e5rtensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pontus","family":"Naucler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Alfv\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1405870","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. children","volume":"372","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30721-4","article-title":"Causes of severe pneumonia requiring hospital admission in children without HIV infection from Africa and Asia: the PERCH multi-country case-control study","volume":"394","author":"O'Brien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-206933","article-title":"Respiratory viruses associated with community-acquired pneumonia in children: matched case-control study","volume":"70","author":"Rhedin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30067-4","article-title":"Establishment of childhood pneumonia cause in the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines","volume":"4","author":"Rhedin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.17843","article-title":"Effect of amoxicillin dose and treatment duration on the need for antibiotic re-treatment in children with community-acquired pneumonia: the CAP-IT randomized clinical trial","volume":"326","author":"Bielicki","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.3390\/children8111070","article-title":"Novel biomarkers differentiating viral from bacterial infection in febrile children: future perspectives for management in clinical praxis","volume":"8","author":"Rhedin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e985","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1946","article-title":"Diagnosis of viral infections using myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA)","volume":"135","author":"Engelmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.11.018","article-title":"Blood MxA protein as a marker for respiratory virus infections in young children","volume":"62","author":"Toivonen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03836-5","article-title":"Prevalence of respiratory viruses and antiviral MxA responses in children with febrile urinary tract infection","volume":"39","author":"Piri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e538","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3042","article-title":"Clinical utility of PCR for common viruses in acute respiratory illness","volume":"133","author":"Rhedin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib11","first-page":"385","article-title":"Aetiology of febrile pharyngitis in children: potential of myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) as a biomarker of viral infection","volume":"74","author":"Ivaska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib12","first-page":"1","article-title":"FebriDx host response point-of-care testing improves patient triage for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the emergency department","author":"Mansbridge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/12705","article-title":"Introducing a new algorithm for classification of etiology in studies on pediatric pneumonia: protocol for the trial of respiratory infections in children for enhanced diagnostics study","volume":"8","author":"Rhedin","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir1065","article-title":"The definition of pneumonia, the assessment of severity, and clinical standardization in the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health study","volume":"54","author":"Scott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2014.951681","article-title":"Comparison of the FilmArray assay and in-house real-time PCR for detection of respiratory infection","volume":"46","author":"Andersson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688272","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.688272","article-title":"A\u00a0novel framework for phenotyping children with suspected or confirmed infection for future biomarker studies","volume":"9","author":"Nijman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9040384","article-title":"Etiology of clinical community-acquired pneumonia in Swedish children aged 1-59 months with high pneumococcal vaccine coverage-the TREND study","volume":"9","author":"Eklundh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib18","first-page":"94","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of FebriDx: a rapid test to detect immune responses to viral and bacterial upper respiratory infections","volume":"6","author":"Self","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.675","article-title":"Viral etiology of severe pneumonia among Kenyan infants and children","volume":"303","author":"Berkley","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120012","article-title":"A\u00a0novel host-proteome signature for distinguishing between acute bacterial and viral infections","volume":"10","author":"Oved","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.10.019","article-title":"A\u00a0host signature based on TRAIL, IP-10, and CRP for reducing antibiotic overuse in children by differentiating bacterial from viral infections: a prospective, multicentre cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Papan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30519-9","article-title":"A\u00a0host-protein based assay to differentiate between bacterial and viral infections in preschool children (OPPORTUNITY): a double-blind, multicentre, validation study","volume":"17","author":"van Houten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12792","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302968110","article-title":"Gene expression profiles in febrile children with defined viral and bacterial infection","volume":"110","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.09.040","article-title":"Validation of a host response test to distinguish bacterial and viral respiratory infection","volume":"48","author":"Lydon","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.11236","article-title":"Diagnostic test accuracy of a 2-transcript host RNA signature for discriminating bacterial vs viral infection in febrile children","volume":"316","author":"Herberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30408-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national estimates of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children younger than 5 years between 2000 and 2015: a systematic analysis","volume":"7","author":"McAllister","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03279.x","article-title":"Point-of-care tests for diagnosing infections in the developing world","volume":"16","author":"Peeling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31824da716","article-title":"Application of the world health organization criteria to predict radiographic pneumonia in a US-based pediatric emergency department","volume":"31","author":"Wingerter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S378","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix150","article-title":"Association of C-reactive protein with bacterial and respiratory syncytial virus-associated pneumonia among children aged <5 years in the PERCH study","volume":"64","author":"Higdon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3453","article-title":"Validation of a novel assay to distinguish bacterial and viral infections","volume":"140","author":"Srugo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X22002646?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X22002646?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T07:32:37Z","timestamp":1761118357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1198743X22002646"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1198743X22002646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1198-743X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1198-743X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Myxovirus resistance protein A for discriminating between viral and bacterial lower respiratory tract infections in children \u2013 The TREND study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}