{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T18:52:00Z","timestamp":1788375120783,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T02:36:47Z","timestamp":1708396607000},"page":"883-887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Orthopox viruses: is the threat growing?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Erik","family":"Boehm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Summermatter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib2","series-title":"Report of the blue ribbon panel to review the 2014 smallpox (variola) virus incident on the NIH campus","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39155.695255.94","article-title":"Should the US and Russia destroy their stocks of smallpox virus?","volume":"334","author":"Hammond","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39156.490799.BE","article-title":"Should the US and Russia destroy their stocks of smallpox virus?","volume":"334","author":"Agwunobi","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.02.081","article-title":"Why not destroy the remaining smallpox virus stocks?","volume":"29","author":"Lane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/414748a","article-title":"Transmission potential of smallpox in contemporary populations","volume":"414","author":"Gani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188453","article-title":"Construction of an infectious horsepox virus vaccine from chemically synthesized DNA fragments","volume":"13","author":"Noyce","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1704.101865","article-title":"Should remaining stockpiles of smallpox virus (variola) be destroyed?","volume":"17","author":"Weinstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60693-0","article-title":"Variola virus archives: a new century, a new approach","volume":"383","author":"Jahrling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1159\/000322101","article-title":"Orthopox viruses: infections in humans","volume":"37","author":"Pauli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transfus Med Hemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e349","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00574-6","article-title":"Prevention of monkeypox with vaccines: a rapid review","volume":"22","author":"Poland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7122e1","article-title":"Use of JYNNEOS (Smallpox and Monkeypox Vaccine, Live, Nonreplicating) for preexposure vaccination of persons at risk for occupational exposure to orthopoxviruses: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices\u2014United States, 2022","volume":"71","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7220a4","article-title":"Effectiveness of JYNNEOS vaccine against diagnosed Mpox infection\u2014New York, 2022","volume":"72","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.12.001","article-title":"Outbreaks of human monkeypox after cessation of smallpox vaccination","volume":"20","author":"Reynolds","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16262","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005769107","article-title":"Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"107","author":"Rimoin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib17","first-page":"465","article-title":"Human monkeypox: secondary attack rates","volume":"66","author":"Je\u017eek","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001769","article-title":"Urgent need for a non-discriminatory and non-stigmatizing nomenclature for monkeypox virus","volume":"20","author":"Happi","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3001.231164","article-title":"Clade I-associated Mpox cases associated with sexual contact, the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"30","author":"Kibungu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib20","first-page":"51","article-title":"Orthopox virus infections in dromedary camels in United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) during winter season","volume":"4","author":"Wernery","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Camel Pract Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00150","article-title":"What was the primary mode of smallpox transmission? Implications for biodefense","volume":"2","author":"Milton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e277","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00034-4","article-title":"Mpox respiratory transmission: the state of the evidence","volume":"4","author":"Beeson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib23","first-page":"642","article-title":"Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox\u2014Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003","volume":"52","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051074","article-title":"Mpox person-to-person transmission\u2014where have we got so far? A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Pinto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012880","article-title":"Experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) with aerosolized monkeypox virus","volume":"5","author":"Nalca","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055488","article-title":"Transmissibility of the monkeypox virus clades via respiratory transmission: investigation using the prairie dog-monkeypox virus challenge system","volume":"8","author":"Hutson","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0083","article-title":"The evolution of transmission mode","volume":"372","author":"Antonovics","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib28","article-title":"Monkeypox: a comprehensive review of transmission, pathogenesis, and manifestation","volume":"14","author":"Kaler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02075-X","article-title":"Monkeypox","volume":"401","author":"Mitj\u00e0","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib33","series-title":"Enhancement of laboratory biosafety. Seventy-Fourth world health assembly","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar2231","article-title":"Risk-based reboot for global lab biosafety","volume":"360","author":"Kojima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib37","series-title":"Smallpox eradication: destruction of Variola virus stocks. World health organization (72nd world health assembly). Report No.: a72\/28","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(01)03144-1","article-title":"Human monkeypox and smallpox viruses: genomic comparison","volume":"509","author":"Shchelkunov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Febs Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079953","article-title":"Genome-wide comparison of cowpox viruses reveals a new clade related to variola virus","volume":"8","author":"Dabrowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-022-00456-9","article-title":"DNA synthesis technologies to close the gene writing gap","volume":"7","author":"Hoose","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106165","article-title":"Safety by design: biosafety and biosecurity in the age of synthetic genomics","volume":"26","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007025","article-title":"Synthetic horsepox viruses and the continuing debate about dual use research","volume":"14","author":"Noyce","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007129","article-title":"Horsepox and the need for a new norm, more transparency, and stronger oversight for experiments that pose pandemic risks","volume":"14","author":"Inglesby","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9527","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00199-11","article-title":"Deletion of the monkeypox virus inhibitor of complement enzymes locus impacts the adaptive immune response to monkeypox virus in a nonhuman primate model of infection","volume":"85","author":"Estep","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib47","series-title":"Report of the Secretary-General on the status of the implementation of the Special Commission\u2019s plan for the ongoing monitoring and verification of Iraq\u2019s compliance with relevant parts of section of Security Council resolution 687 (1991)","first-page":"20","author":"Secretary-General","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.06.006","article-title":"Vaccinia virus vaccines: past, present and future","volume":"84","author":"Jacobs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antivir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-3-26","article-title":"Risks of serious complications and death from smallpox vaccination: a systematic review of the United States experience, 1963\u20131968","volume":"3","author":"Arag\u00f3n","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib50","first-page":"3217","article-title":"WHO declares end of Mpox global health emergency: first glance from a perspective of ChatGPT\/GPT-4","volume":"109","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011_bib52","series-title":"ICRC report on IHL and the challenges of contemporary armed conflicts","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X24000867?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X24000867?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T08:04:19Z","timestamp":1751357059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1198743X24000867"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1198743X24000867"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["1198-743X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1198-743X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Orthopox viruses: is the threat growing?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}