{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:51:17Z","timestamp":1791899477926,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018956","name":"NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR203312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019573","name":"Amsterdam University Medical Centres","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019573","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000276","name":"Department of Health and Social Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006662","name":"National Institute on Handicapped Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020655","name":"European Health and Digital Executive Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T19:10:19Z","timestamp":1744398619000},"page":"1298-1306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Delayed correct diagnoses in emerging disease outbreaks: historical patterns and lessons for contemporary responses"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Galadriel","family":"Pellejero-Sagastiz\u00e1bal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casandra","family":"Bulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pikka","family":"Jokelainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Effrossyni","family":"Gkrania-Klotsas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Barac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Goorhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shevin T.","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selidji T.","family":"Agnandji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francine","family":"Ntoumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Mora-Rillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ram\u00f3n","family":"Pa\u00f1o-Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.-Xavier","family":"Lescure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin P.","family":"Grobusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib1","first-page":"325","article-title":"Surveillance for newly emerging viruses","volume":"16","author":"Buckeridge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Perspect Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000538","article-title":"Productive disruption: opportunities and challenges for innovation in infectious disease surveillance","volume":"3","author":"Buckee","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib3","first-page":"140","article-title":"Outbreak science: recent progress in the detection and response to outbreaks of infectious diseases","volume":"17","author":"Houlihan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1197\/aemj.9.11.1184","article-title":"Achieving quality in clinical decision making: cognitive strategies and detection of bias","volume":"9","author":"Croskerry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00639-z","article-title":"Infectious disease in an era of global change","volume":"20","author":"Baker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib6","first-page":"1358","article-title":"Impediments to global surveillance of infectious diseases: consequences of open reporting in a global economy","volume":"78","author":"Cash","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14625-4","article-title":"Effectiveness of early warning systems in the detection of infectious diseases outbreaks: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Meckawy","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib9","series-title":"Health emergency information and risk assessment weekly bulletin on outbreaks and other emergencies: week 08: 17 - 23 February 2025","first-page":"5","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2022.104127","article-title":"The Spanish flu","volume":"51","author":"Berche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411100","article-title":"Ebola virus disease in West Africa \u2014 the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections","volume":"371","author":"Team WHO Ebola Response","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404505","article-title":"Emergence of Zaire Ebola virus disease in Guinea","volume":"371","author":"Baize","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1080\/21665044.2016.1228326","article-title":"Distinguishing epidemiological features of the 2013\u20132016 West Africa Ebola virus disease outbreak","volume":"3","author":"Shultz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disaster Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0297","article-title":"The Ebola outbreak, 2013\u20132016: old lessons for new epidemics","volume":"372","author":"Coltart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B: Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib15","first-page":"271","article-title":"Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976","volume":"56","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw207","article-title":"Discovery and description of Ebola Zaire virus in 1976 and relevance to the west African epidemic during 2013-2016","volume":"214","author":"Breman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S154","DOI":"10.1086\/520548","article-title":"The M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res intervention in the Marburg hemorrhagic fever epidemic, Uige, Angola, 2005. I. Lessons learned in the hospital","volume":"196","author":"Jeffs","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000926","article-title":"Zika virus: an overview update","volume":"20","author":"de Jong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae126","article-title":"Lyme arthritis: a 50-year journey","volume":"230","author":"Steere","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/19485565.1962.9987505","article-title":"Kuru: an appraisal of five years of investigation","volume":"9","author":"Gajdusek","year":"1962","journal-title":"Eugen Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2018.1012","article-title":"The natural history of nodding syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Idro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011523","article-title":"The onchocerciasis hypothesis of nodding syndrome 2023","volume":"17","author":"Colebunders","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/10408449509089885","article-title":"Minamata Disease: methylmercury poisoning in Japan caused by environmental pollution","volume":"25","author":"Harada","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036085","article-title":"Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome: coming to grips with a new illness","volume":"14","author":"Kilbourne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244798","article-title":"A recurring disease outbreak following litchi fruit consumption among children in Muzaffarpur, Bihar\u2014a comprehensive investigation on factors of toxicity","volume":"15","author":"Sinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)12285-1","article-title":"Fatal microcystin intoxication in haemodialysis unit in Caruaru, Brazil","volume":"352","author":"Pouria","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1969.01740160105015","article-title":"The june bug: a study of hysterical contagion","volume":"20","author":"Makowsky","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib28","series-title":"The international Encyclopedia of political communication","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bandwagon effect","author":"Schmitt-Beck","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib29","article-title":"Acute respiratory infections complicated by malaria (previously undiagnosed disease) - Democratic Republic of the Congo","year":"2024","journal-title":"WHO Dis Outbreak News"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.19292","article-title":"Twenty years after the anthrax terrorist attacks of 2001: lessons learned and unlearned for the COVID-19 response","volume":"326","author":"Gostin","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12699","article-title":"Biological warfare, bioterrorism, and biocrime","volume":"20","author":"Jansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2907.221769","article-title":"Epidemiology of pathogens listed as potential bioterrorism agents, The Netherlands, 2009-2019","volume":"29","author":"Broertjes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib34","article-title":"Deadly outbreak of unidentified disease in western Congo surpasses 1000 cases","volume":"388","author":"Dyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30123-7","article-title":"Disease X: accelerating the development of medical countermeasures for the next pandemic","volume":"20","author":"Simpson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.11.027","article-title":"Marburg virus disease outbreak in Rwanda, 2024","volume":"31","author":"Grobusch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00470-4","article-title":"Women at the front line of the Marburg virus disease response in Rwanda: balancing clinical care, public health, and family life","volume":"13","author":"Firew","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib39","series-title":"Resolve to Save Lives 2025. 7-1-7 A global target for early detection and response","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01250-2","article-title":"7-1-7: an organising principle, target, and accountability metric to make the world safer from pandemics","volume":"398","author":"Frieden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X25001697?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X25001697?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T19:01:49Z","timestamp":1768935709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1198743X25001697"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1198743X25001697"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1198-743X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1198-743X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Delayed correct diagnoses in emerging disease outbreaks: historical patterns and lessons for contemporary responses","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.04.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}