{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:19:05Z","timestamp":1790378345510,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09150182410009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09150182410009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016036","name":"Health~Holland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019573","name":"Amsterdam University Medical Centers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019573","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T16:24:14Z","timestamp":1771950254000},"page":"1067-1074","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dynamics of the gut and lung microbiota in severe infections: from observational studies to therapeutic strategies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Duveke P.E.","family":"de Gaay Fortman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F.J.","family":"Kullberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Joost","family":"Wiersinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastiaan W.","family":"Haak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2013","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(25)00356-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis","volume":"13","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18847","article-title":"The microbiome and innate immunity","volume":"535","author":"Thaiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01183-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and their role in human health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Mukhopadhya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01048-8","article-title":"The gut-airway microbiome axis in health and respiratory diseases","volume":"22","author":"\u00d6z\u00e7am","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0451-9","article-title":"The influence of the microbiome on respiratory health","volume":"20","author":"Wypych","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05548-8","article-title":"Composition and diversity of the pulmonary microbiome in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Schneider","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.022","article-title":"Oxygen as a driver of gut dysbiosis","volume":"105","author":"Rivera-Ch\u00e1vez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00833-7","article-title":"Microbiota-mediated colonization resistance: mechanisms and regulation","volume":"21","author":"Caballero-Flores","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30119-4","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in sepsis","volume":"2","author":"Haak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00976-5","article-title":"The role of the microbiota in the management of intensive care patients","volume":"12","author":"Szychowiak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intens Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib12","article-title":"Antibiotic-mediated dysbiosis leads to activation of inflammatory pathways","volume":"15","author":"Taitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02243-5","article-title":"Dysbiosis of a microbiota\u2013immune metasystem in critical illness is associated with nosocomial infections","volume":"29","author":"Schlechte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.12.018","article-title":"The short chain fatty acid butyrate imprints an antimicrobial program in macrophages","volume":"50","author":"Schulthess","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.04.022","article-title":"Dietary fiber confers protection against flu by shaping Ly6c\u2212 patrolling monocyte hematopoiesis and CD8+ T cell metabolism","volume":"48","author":"Trompette","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam5336","article-title":"The microbial metabolite desaminotyrosine protects from influenza through type I interferon","volume":"357","author":"Steed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202400638R","article-title":"Desaminotyrosine is a redox-active microbial metabolite that bolsters macrophage antimicrobial functions while attenuating IL-6 production","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00805-x","article-title":"Bile acids and the gut microbiota: metabolic interactions and impacts on disease","volume":"21","author":"Collins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2325067","article-title":"Shotgun metagenomics and systemic targeted metabolomics highlight indole-3-propionic acid as a protective gut microbial metabolite against influenza infection","volume":"16","author":"Heumel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06287-y","article-title":"Endothelial AHR activity prevents lung barrier disruption in viral infection","volume":"621","author":"Major","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63611-y","article-title":"Effect of the gut microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolite indole-3-acetic acid in pneumonia","volume":"16","author":"Kullberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309728","article-title":"The gut microbiota plays a protective role in the host defence against pneumococcal pneumonia","volume":"65","author":"Schuijt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2023.05.006","article-title":"Monocyte regulation by gut microbial signals","volume":"31","author":"Kolypetri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001304","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulate gut\u2013lung axis inflammatory responses by mediating ILC2 compartmental migration","volume":"207","author":"Pu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-329996","article-title":"Novel tripeptide RKH derived from Akkermansia muciniphila protects against lethal sepsis","volume":"73","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabl3981","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abl3981","article-title":"The balance between protective and pathogenic immune responses to pneumonia in the neonatal lung is enforced by gut microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Stevens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00079-X","article-title":"Association between butyrate-producing gut bacteria and the risk of infectious disease hospitalisation: results from two observational, population-based microbiome studies","volume":"5","author":"Kullberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib28","first-page":"2978","article-title":"Impact of gut colonization with butyrate-producing microbiota on respiratory viral infection following allo-HCT","volume":"131","author":"Haak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13180","article-title":"Butyrate-producing gut bacteria and viral infections in kidney transplant recipients: a pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-020-00863-4","article-title":"Disruptions of anaerobic gut bacteria are associated with stroke and post-stroke infection: a prospective case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Haak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadt1466","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adt1466","article-title":"Fecal metabolite profiling identifies critically ill patients with increased 30-day mortality","volume":"11","author":"de Porto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6615","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34260-2","article-title":"Immunomodulatory fecal metabolites are associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure","volume":"13","author":"Stutz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01722-y","article-title":"Lung microbiome: new insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02617-9","article-title":"Robust airway microbiome signatures in acute respiratory failure and hospital-acquired pneumonia","volume":"29","author":"Montassier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.113","article-title":"Enrichment of the lung microbiome with gut bacteria in sepsis and the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Dickson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201907-1487OC","article-title":"Lung microbiota predict clinical outcomes in critically ill patients","volume":"201","author":"Dickson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202202-0274OC","article-title":"Lung microbiota of critically ill patients with COVID-19 are associated with nonresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"206","author":"Kullberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.31","article-title":"Enrichment of the lung microbiome with oral taxa is associated with lung inflammation of a Th17 phenotype","volume":"1","author":"Segal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202005-1596OC","article-title":"Episodic aspiration with oral commensals induces a MyD88-dependent, pulmonary T-helper cell type 17 response that mitigates susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"203","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201912-2441OC","article-title":"Respiratory tract dysbiosis is associated with worse outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"202","author":"Kitsios","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01148-20","article-title":"Integrative transkingdom analysis of the gut microbiome in antibiotic perturbation and critical illness","volume":"6","author":"Haak","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0709-7","article-title":"High-resolution mycobiota analysis reveals dynamic intestinal translocation preceding invasive candidiasis","volume":"26","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib43","first-page":"131","article-title":"Impact of Candida species on clinical outcomes in patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"18","author":"Delisle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.55","article-title":"Fungal dysbiosis: immunity and interactions at mucosal barriers","volume":"17","author":"Iliev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.01.008","article-title":"Expansion of bacteriophages is linked to aggravated intestinal inflammation and colitis","volume":"25","author":"Gogokhia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.048","article-title":"Alterations in gut microbiota of patients with COVID-19 during time of hospitalization","volume":"159","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101074","article-title":"Rectal bacteriome and virome signatures and clinical outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia: an exploratory study","volume":"39","author":"Kullberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib48","article-title":"Biological drivers of the host response in sepsis","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07115-7","article-title":"Selective digestive decontamination\u2014not sure","volume":"49","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intens Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05645-7","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation in the ICU: perspectives on future implementations","volume":"45","author":"Alagna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intens Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.13355","article-title":"Effect of probiotics on incident ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"326","author":"Johnstone","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0626-9","article-title":"Genomic and epidemiological evidence of bacterial transmission from probiotic capsule to blood in ICU patients","volume":"25","author":"Yelin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1501-z","article-title":"Microbiota-derived lantibiotic restores resistance against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus","volume":"572","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02208-2024","article-title":"Butyrate-producing gut bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii protects against bacterial pneumonia","volume":"66","author":"Kullberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06378-w","article-title":"Synergy and oxygen adaptation for development of next-generation probiotics","volume":"620","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tkad022","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkad022","article-title":"Postbiotics as potential new therapeutic agents for sepsis","volume":"11","author":"Lou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06674-1","article-title":"The pasteurized Weissella cibaria alleviates sepsis-induced acute lung injury by modulation of intestinal mucus barrier and gut microbiota","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2717","article-title":"Prevalence and outcomes of infection among patients in intensive care units in 2017","volume":"323","author":"Vincent","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.0581","article-title":"Mortality of patients with sepsis administered piperacillin-tazobactam vs cefepime","volume":"184","author":"Chanderraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00257-1","article-title":"Empirical antibiotic therapy for sepsis: save the anaerobic microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Kullberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07502-0","article-title":"A Gram-negative-selective antibiotic that spares the gut microbiome","volume":"630","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312132","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced gut microbiota disruption during human endotoxemia: a randomised controlled study","volume":"66","author":"Lankelma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1278","article-title":"No interplay between gut microbiota composition and the lipopolysaccharide-induced innate immune response in humans in vivo","volume":"10","author":"Habes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2023.105174","article-title":"The gut microbiota composition has no predictive value for the endotoxin-induced immune response or development of endotoxin tolerance in humans invivo","volume":"25","author":"Bruse","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-019-0372-6","article-title":"Gut integrity in critical illness","volume":"7","author":"Otani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Intens Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00631-9","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila: paradigm for next-generation beneficial microorganisms","volume":"19","author":"Cani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X26000741?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X26000741?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T21:56:34Z","timestamp":1785880594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1198743X26000741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1198743X26000741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1198-743X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1198-743X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dynamics of the gut and lung microbiota in severe infections: from observational studies to therapeutic strategies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.02.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}