{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T04:38:34Z","timestamp":1792471114006,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-030857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-030857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1151153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1151153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:59:48Z","timestamp":1786723188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An updated systematic review on antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella Typhi worldwide"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Shruti","family":"Murthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nienke N.","family":"Hagedoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Widyanto P.","family":"Adhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabab","family":"Batool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meera D.","family":"Rathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian S.","family":"Marchello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Crump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0258","article-title":"A systematic review on antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella Typhi worldwide","volume":"103","author":"Marchello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-15","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, antimicrobial resistance, and antimicrobial management of invasive Salmonella infections","volume":"28","author":"Crump","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.10.030","article-title":"Complications and mortality of typhoid fever: A global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Marchello","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020201","article-title":"Typhoid fever","volume":"347","author":"Parry","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00359-7","article-title":"Global typhoid fever incidence: An updated systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Murthy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00551-1","article-title":"Complications and mortality of typhoid fever: An updated global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Murthy","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S214","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix221","article-title":"High rates of enteric fever diagnosis and lower burden of culture-confirmed disease in peri-urban and rural Nepal","volume":"218","author":"Andrews","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S257","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1297","article-title":"Diagnostic value of clinical features to distinguish enteric fever from other febrile illnesses in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan","volume":"71","author":"Aiemjoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib9","first-page":"153","article-title":"Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper\u2013March 2018","volume":"93","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib10","first-page":"CD010452","article-title":"Treatment of enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) with cephalosporins","volume":"11","author":"Kuehn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30350-5","article-title":"Typhoid conjugate vaccines: A new tool in the fight against antimicrobial resistance","volume":"19","author":"Andrews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad179","article-title":"What should we be recommending for the treatment of enteric fever?","volume":"10","author":"Parry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S106","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/24.Supplement_1.S106","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhi: A worldwide epidemic","volume":"24","author":"Rowe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1803926","article-title":"Extensively drug-resistant typhoid\u2014Are conjugate vaccines arriving just in time?","volume":"379","author":"Andrews","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib15","first-page":"R139","article-title":"A case of ciprofloxacin-resistant typhoid fever","volume":"2","author":"Umasankar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78338-0","article-title":"Epidemic ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella Typhi in Tajikistan","volume":"351","author":"Threlfall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00105-18","article-title":"Emergence of an extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi clone harboring a promiscuous plasmid encoding resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins","volume":"9","author":"Klemm","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30483-3","article-title":"Outbreak investigation of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and its risk factors among the general population in Hyderabad, Pakistan: A matched case-control study","volume":"18","author":"Qamar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007868","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of azithromycin resistance among typhoidal Salmonella strains in Bangladesh identified through passive pediatric surveillance","volume":"13","author":"Hooda","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2911.230499","article-title":"Case of carbapenem-resistant Salmonella Typhi infection, Pakistan, 2022","volume":"29","author":"Nizamuddin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883","article-title":"The global burden of enteric fever, 2017\u20132021: A systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"77","author":"Piovani","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib22","series-title":"GBD Results","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6","article-title":"GBD 2017 Typhoid and Paratyphoid Collaborators. The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"Stanaway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","volume":"403","author":"Ferrari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy846","article-title":"Progress in typhoid fever epidemiology","volume":"68","author":"Crump","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0286","article-title":"Typhoid fever: A reduction and a resurgence","volume":"109","author":"Meiring","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e589","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00606-X","article-title":"Efficacy of typhoid vaccines against culture-confirmed Salmonella Typhi in typhoid endemic countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Batool","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0736","article-title":"Dynamic incidence of typhoid fever over a 10-year period (2010\u20132019) in Kibera, an urban informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"109","author":"Ng'eno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib29","article-title":"Changes in historical typhoid transmission across 16 U.S. cities, 1889\u20131931: Quantifying the impact of investments in water and sewer infrastructures","volume":"14","author":"Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S377","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz610","article-title":"Water and filth: Reevaluating the first era of sanitary typhoid intervention (1840\u20131940)","volume":"69","author":"Vanderslott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08452-0","article-title":"Associations of water, sanitation, and hygiene with typhoid fever in case\u2013control studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1","article-title":"GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050","volume":"404","author":"Naghavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e406","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00585-5","article-title":"Estimating the subnational prevalence of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A infections in 75 endemic countries, 1990\u20132019: A modelling study","volume":"12","author":"Browne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.04.033","article-title":"Building the case for wider use of typhoid vaccines","volume":"33","author":"Crump","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001163","article-title":"The influence of reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi on the clinical response to ofloxacin therapy","volume":"5","author":"Parry","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis025","article-title":"A large outbreak of typhoid fever associated with a high rate of intestinal perforation in Kasese District, Uganda, 2008\u20132009","volume":"54","author":"Neil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad138","article-title":"Characterization of typhoid intestinal perforation in Africa: Results from the Severe Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program","volume":"10","author":"Birkhold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00627-7","article-title":"Estimating the effect of vaccination on antimicrobial-resistant typhoid fever in 73 countries supported by Gavi: A mathematical modelling study","volume":"22","author":"Birger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.12.001","article-title":"Moving beyond traditional valuation of vaccination: Needs and opportunities","volume":"35","author":"Bloom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002642","article-title":"Predicting the impact of vaccination on the transmission dynamics of typhoid in South Asia: A mathematical modeling study","volume":"8","author":"Pitzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib41","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Prequalification of medical products. Vaccines. Prequalified vaccines. https:\/\/extranet.who.int\/prequal\/vaccines\/prequalified-vaccines (accessed 20 July 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7207a2","article-title":"Typhoid fever surveillance, incidence estimates, and progress toward typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction \u2013 Worldwide, 2018\u20132022","volume":"72","author":"Hancuh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib46","series-title":"Fiji launches mass vaccination campaign against typhoid in the Northern Division","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01494-6","article-title":"5-year vaccine protection following a single dose of Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in Bangladeshi children (TyVOID): A cluster randomised trial","volume":"404","author":"Qadri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.16348.1","article-title":"Surgical complications of typhoid fever: First national typhoid conference in Niamey, Niger","volume":"9","author":"Adamou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gates Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1688","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00370-3","article-title":"Burden of enteric fever at three urban sites in Africa and Asia: A multicentre population-based study","volume":"9","author":"Meiring","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e978","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00119-X","article-title":"Incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan: Results of the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project","volume":"10","author":"Garrett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S222","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1320","article-title":"Illness severity and outcomes among enteric fever cases from Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan: Data from the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project, 2016\u20132019","volume":"71","author":"Longley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2209449","article-title":"Burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in India","volume":"388","author":"John","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e599","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00007-X","article-title":"Incidence of typhoid fever in Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, and Nigeria (the Severe Typhoid in Africa programme): A population-based study","volume":"12","author":"Marks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S120","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa314","article-title":"Tenacious endemic typhoid fever in Samoa","volume":"71","author":"Sikorski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035916","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a typhoid conjugate vaccine in Malawian children","volume":"385","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01124-7","article-title":"Protection by vaccination of children against typhoid fever with a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in urban Bangladesh: A cluster-randomised trial","volume":"398","author":"Qadri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1112","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis indicates a longer term presence of the globally distributed H58 haplotype of Salmonella Typhi in southern India","volume":"71","author":"Pragasam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Diseas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf106","article-title":"Trends of enteric fever and emergence of extensively drug-resistant typhoid in Pakistan: Population-based laboratory data from 2017\u20132019","volume":"12","author":"Qamar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1154","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00255-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of typhoid conjugate vaccine against culture-confirmed Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi in an extensively drug-resistant outbreak setting of Hyderabad, Pakistan: A cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Yousafzai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib61","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity in the Salmonella Typhi Vi capsule locus: A population genomic study from Fiji","volume":"10","author":"Strobel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib62","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella Typhi: A systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Marchello","year":"2024","journal-title":"PROSPERO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.05.010","article-title":"Using preprints in evidence synthesis: Commentary on experience during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"138","author":"Clyne","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041849","article-title":"Systematic examination of preprint platforms for use in the medical and biomedical sciences setting","volume":"10","author":"Kirkham","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib65","series-title":"CLSI supplement M100","article-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib66","series-title":"CLSI supplement M100","article-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 35th ed.","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.06.039","article-title":"Falavigna M.;Prevalence Estimates Reviews Systematic Review Methodology Group (PERSyst). Quality assessment of prevalence studies: a systematic review","volume":"127","author":"Migliavaca","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000054","article-title":"Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data","volume":"13","author":"Munn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib69","series-title":"Joanna Briggs Institute manual for evidence synthesis. Adelaide, South Australia","article-title":"Chapter 5: Systematic reviews of prevalence and incidence","author":"Munn","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib72","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib73","article-title":"PRISMA2020: An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and open synthesis","volume":"18","author":"Haddaway","year":"2022","journal-title":"Campbell Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.85867","article-title":"Global Typhoid Genomics Consortium Group. Global diversity and antimicrobial resistance of typhoid fever pathogens: Insights from a meta-analysis of 13,000 Salmonella Typhi genomes","volume":"12","author":"Carey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib75","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella species in southern Pakistan","volume":"11","author":"Laghari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6215136","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi isolates from a general hospital in Karawaci, Tangerang, Indonesia: A five-year review","volume":"2017","author":"Hardjo Lugito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.26692\/SURJ\/2019.12.92","article-title":"Acute rise in multiple drug resistance typhoid fever in children in rural Sindh: An alarming situation","volume":"51","author":"Kumari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sind Univ Res J (Sci Ser)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib78","article-title":"Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of Salmonella Typhi: Emergence of resistant strains","volume":"12","author":"Ali Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib79","first-page":"291","article-title":"Current trends in antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi","volume":"45","author":"Sattar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rawal Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib80","first-page":"843","article-title":"Prevalence of multi-drug resistant and extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi recovered from pediatrics' septicemia patients in Lahore","volume":"15","author":"Batool","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pak J Med Health Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.38.5.5072","article-title":"Trends in bacteriological spectrum and antibiotic susceptibility on blood culture in pediatric cardiac patients at a tertiary childcare health facility","volume":"38","author":"Adnan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib82","article-title":"Incidence and antimicrobial resistance profile of multi-drug resistant Salmonella Typhi isolated from blood samples in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"114","author":"Ahmad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.106676","article-title":"Uncovering the growing burden of enteric fever: A molecular analysis of Salmonella Typhi antimicrobial resistance","volume":"191","author":"Imran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib84","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhi strains isolated from patients in Pakistan: A hospital database study","volume":"16","author":"Yousaf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2022.0094","article-title":"First detection of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi isolates harboring VIM and GES genes for carbapenem resistance from Faisalabad, Pakistan","volume":"28","author":"Ain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2019\/441","article-title":"Study on clinical profile and laboratory parameters of enteric fever cases with special reference to antibiotic sensitivity pattern","volume":"8","author":"Maity","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Evol Med Dent Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02540-24","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of extensive drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi in Gujarat region, India: Genomic findings and prospective alternative therapy","volume":"13","author":"Akshay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib88","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical & laboratory profile of typhoid fever in children with special emphasis on drug resistance","volume":"18","author":"Jha","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOSR J Dent Med Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.13089","article-title":"Incidence of septicemia. Etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility testing among patients admitted to tertiary care hospital","volume":"14","author":"Al-Asady","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.25303\/1911rjbt0960100","article-title":"First-line antibiotic treatment of Salmonella Typhi isolated from enteric fever children in Iraq","volume":"19","author":"Jaber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res J Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2022.9336","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics and antibiotics sensitivity of culture positive typhoid fever patients in Baghdad teaching hospital-a single center study","volume":"10","author":"Asreah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267528","article-title":"Malaria and typhoid fever among patients presenting with febrile illnesses in Ga West Municipality, Ghana","volume":"18","author":"Rufai","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.567235","article-title":"Regional variation of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales, fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among febrile patients in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"11","author":"Moirongo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib94","first-page":"7","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance trends of typhoidal Salmonellae in southern Pakistan","volume":"44","author":"Shaikh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rawal Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0075","article-title":"Typhoid fever in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A systematic review, 1990\u20132021","volume":"108","author":"Appiah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0637","article-title":"Typhoid in Laos: An 18-year perspective","volume":"102","author":"Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S502","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab144","article-title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility profile in Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A: Presenting the current scenario in India and strategy for future management","volume":"224","author":"Veeraraghavan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030667","article-title":"Genomic investigation of Salmonella Typhi in Hong Kong revealing the predominance of genotype 3.2.2 and the first case of an extensively drug-resistant H58 genotype","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6432580","article-title":"Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid: Evolution, prevention, and its management","volume":"2020","author":"Akram","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03481-20","article-title":"Tracking the emergence of azithromycin resistance in multiple genotypes of typhoidal Salmonella","volume":"12","author":"Sajib","year":"2021","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04729-14","article-title":"Clinically and microbiologically derived azithromycin susceptibility breakpoints for Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A","volume":"59","author":"Parry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlaf107","article-title":"Azithromycin resistance in Salmonella Typhi: Navigating diagnostic uncertainties and clinical decision-making","volume":"7","author":"Thirumoorthy","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib103","first-page":"1","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Enhanced Prevalence and Incidence Criteria (STROBE EPIC): An extension of the STROBE Statement","author":"Murthy","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010134","article-title":"STROBE-AMS: Recommendations to optimise reporting of epidemiological studies on antimicrobial resistance and informing improvement in antimicrobial stewardship","volume":"6","author":"Tacconelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1301-1","article-title":"Microbiology Investigation Criteria for Reporting Objectively (MICRO): A framework for the reporting and interpretation of clinical microbiology data","volume":"17","author":"Turner","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X26004532?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X26004532?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:48:09Z","timestamp":1792468089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1198743X26004532"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":99,"alternative-id":["S1198743X26004532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1198-743X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1198-743X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An updated systematic review on antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella Typhi worldwide","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2026.08.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}