{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T22:04:02Z","timestamp":1780092242952,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006733","name":"Indiana University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006733","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T01:38:03Z","timestamp":1656293883000},"page":"106977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["CFD based analysis of 3D printed nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"223","author":[{"given":"Sundeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raied","family":"Aburashed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5331-0932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanniantonio","family":"Natale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s41885-020-00070-3","article-title":"Socio-economic impacts of COVID-19 on household consumption and poverty","volume":"4","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Economics of disasters and climate change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.04.018","article-title":"The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus and covid-19 pandemic: A review","volume":"78","author":"Nicole","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0003","unstructured":"JHU.edu. [cited 2022 Feb 4]; Available from: https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/map.html."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-020-00076-3","article-title":"A 3D-printed nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19 diagnostic testing","volume":"6","author":"Ford","year":"2020","journal-title":"3D printing in medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2020.105033","article-title":"Using 3D-printed nose models in nasopharyngeal swab training","volume":"113","author":"Chee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2020.101305","article-title":"Three-dimensional printing in the fight against novel virus COVID-19: Technology helping society during an infectious disease pandemic","volume":"62","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technology in Society"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50726","article-title":"Pandemic printing: a novel 3D-printed swab for detecting SARS-CoV-2","volume":"213","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00876-20","article-title":"Open development and clinical validation of multiple 3D-printed nasopharyngeal collection swabs: rapid resolution of a critical COVID-19 testing bottleneck","volume":"58","author":"Callahan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202070044","article-title":"Rapid Fabrication of Sterile Medical Nasopharyngeal Swabs by Stereolithography for Widespread Testing in a Pandemic","volume":"22","author":"van der Elst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advanced engineering materials"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3027","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1366","article-title":"3-Dimensional Printed Alternative to the Standard Synthetic Flocked Nasopharyngeal Swabs Used for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Testing","volume":"73","author":"Decker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091752","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of in-house-produced 3D-printed nasopharyngeal swabs for covid-19 testing","volume":"13","author":"Grandjean Lapierre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.297","article-title":"Adverse effects of nasopharyngeal swabs: Three-dimensional printed versus commercial swabs","volume":"42","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0013","first-page":"1361","article-title":"3D printing of nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 diagnose: Past and current trends","volume":"44","author":"Manoj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials Today: Proceedings"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115257","article-title":"Prospective clinical validation of 3D printed nasopharyngeal swabs for diagnosis of COVID-19","volume":"99","author":"Oland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0015","article-title":"Design and clinical validation of a 3D-printed nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19 testing","author":"Tay","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0016","first-page":"1","article-title":"Performance of three-dimensional printed nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 testing","author":"Tooker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mrs Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0017","unstructured":"Arnaout, R.Covidswab. Github.2020 [cited 2021 June 15]; Available from: https:\/\/github.com\/rarnaout\/Covidswab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.104175","article-title":"3D printed auxetic nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 sample collection","volume":"114","author":"Arjunan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0019","article-title":"Design of 3D-printable nasopharyngeal swabs in Matlab for COVID-19 testing","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transactions on Additive Manufacturing Meets Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1109\/TMRB.2020.3036461","article-title":"Design of a low-cost miniature robot to assist the COVID-19 nasopharyngeal swab sampling","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0021","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"Zasada","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(81)90145-5","article-title":"Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free boundaries","volume":"39","author":"Hirt","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of computational physics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2013.04.024","article-title":"Some experiences with the numerical simulation of Newtonian and Bingham fluids in dip coating","volume":"82","author":"Filali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computers & Fluids"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(92)90240-Y","article-title":"A continuum method for modeling surface tension","volume":"100","author":"Brackbill","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of computational physics"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8922","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.8922","article-title":"Optimization of compound-specific chlorine stable isotope analysis of chloroform using the Taguchi design of experiments","volume":"34","author":"Asfaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0026","first-page":"137","article-title":"Application of Taguchi-based design of experiments for industrial chemical processes","author":"Davis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Statistical approaches with emphasis on design of experiments applied to chemical processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2012.07.002","article-title":"Ranking of parameters in bioheat transfer using Taguchi analysis","volume":"63","author":"Jamil","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4049521","article-title":"Investigation of printing parameters of Additive Manufacturing process for sustainability using Design of Experiments","volume":"143","author":"Khalid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Mechanical Design"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.116080","article-title":"Assessment of the building components in the energy efficient design of tropical residential buildings: An application of BIM and statistical Taguchi method","volume":"188","author":"Sadeghifam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2017.10.032","article-title":"Parametric sensitivity analysis of critical factors affecting the thermal damage during RFA of breast tumor","volume":"124","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21581","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.21581","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis of critical parameters affecting the efficacy of microwave ablation using Taguchi method","volume":"29","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering"}],"container-title":["Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169260722003595?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169260722003595?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T04:09:33Z","timestamp":1759205373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0169260722003595"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S0169260722003595"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977","relation":{},"ISSN":["0169-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0169-2607","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"CFD based analysis of 3D printed nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 diagnostics","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106977","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106977"}}