{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:15:21Z","timestamp":1786986921967,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,27]],"date-time":"2016-06-27T21:23:31Z","timestamp":1467062611000},"page":"297-308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Bradyarrhythmias"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Shu-Fen","family":"Wung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.8.6.920","article-title":"The normal electrocardiogram","volume":"8","author":"Kossmann","year":"1953","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2006.09.003","article-title":"Electrocardiographic reference ranges derived from 79,743 ambulatory subjects","volume":"40","author":"Mason","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Electrocardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib3","series-title":"Comprehensive electrocardiology: theory and practice in health and disease","author":"Macfarlane","year":"1989"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Resting pulse rate reference data for children, adolescents, and adults: United States, 1999-2008","author":"Ostchega","year":"2011","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/4.2.160","article-title":"The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man","volume":"4","author":"Jose","year":"1970","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(86)90760-5","article-title":"Findings on ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in subjects older than 80 years","volume":"57","author":"Kantelip","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(77)80094-5","article-title":"Arrhythmias documented by 24 hour continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in 50 male medical students without apparent heart disease","volume":"39","author":"Brodsky","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(81)90611-6","article-title":"Arrhythmias documented by 24-hour continuous ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in young women without apparent heart disease","volume":"101","author":"Sobotka","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199607000-00003","article-title":"Normal sinus heart rate: appropriate rate thresholds for sinus tachycardia and bradycardia","volume":"89","author":"Spodick","year":"1996","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(92)90947-W","article-title":"Operational definition of normal sinus heart rate","volume":"69","author":"Spodick","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2012900","article-title":"Acquired long QT syndrome: frequency, onset, and risk factors in intensive care patients","volume":"32","author":"Kozik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurse"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1773","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00892.2011","article-title":"Conduction barriers and pathways of the sinoatrial pacemaker complex: their role in normal rhythm and atrial arrhythmias","volume":"302","author":"Fedorov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am\u00a0J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960190518","article-title":"Chronotropic incompetence\u2013Part I: normal regulation of the heart rate","volume":"19","author":"Camm","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.4.1697","article-title":"Innervation of the human cardiac conduction system. A quantitative immunohistochemical and histochemical study","volume":"89","author":"Crick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/s003950170003","article-title":"Presence, distribution and physiological function of adrenergic and muscarinic receptor subtypes in the human heart","volume":"96","author":"Brodde","year":"2001","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.77.6.1221","article-title":"Demonstration of a widely distributed atrial pacemaker complex in the human heart","volume":"77","author":"Boineau","year":"1988","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-001-0091-9","article-title":"Bradyarrhythmias","volume":"3","author":"Dresing","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03150030101028","article-title":"The sick sinus syndrome in atrial disease","volume":"206","author":"Ferrer","year":"1968","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(85)90022-5","article-title":"Classification of sinus node dysfunction","volume":"110","author":"Bashour","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.11.007","volume":"61","author":"Epstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.47.3.213","article-title":"Ambulatory electrocardiographic recording in endurance athletes","volume":"47","author":"Viitasalo","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1364024","article-title":"Sport modality affects bradycardia level and its mechanisms of control in professional athletes","volume":"35","author":"Azevedo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1158","article-title":"Autonomic innervation of the human cardiac conduction system: changes from infancy to senility\u2013an immunohistochemical and histochemical analysis","volume":"264","author":"Chow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2011.02140.x","article-title":"Atrial fibrosis quantified using late gadolinium enhancement MRI is associated with sinus node dysfunction requiring pacemaker implant","volume":"23","author":"Akoum","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/00365510601034736","article-title":"Ophthalmic timolol: plasma concentration and systemic cardiopulmonary effects","volume":"67","author":"Nieminen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12002","article-title":"Cardiovascular genomics","volume":"45","author":"Wung","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nurs Scholarsh"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.05.045","article-title":"HCN4 mutations in multiple families with bradycardia and left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy","volume":"64","author":"Milano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2008.172","article-title":"Genetic variation in the CYP2D6 gene is associated with a lower heart rate and blood pressure in beta-blocker users","volume":"85","author":"Bijl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2014.03.004","article-title":"Syncope, seizure-induced bradycardia and asystole: two cases and review of clinical and pathophysiological features","volume":"23","author":"Duplyakov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eup312","article-title":"Do gender differences exist in pacemaker implantation?\u2013results of an obligatory external quality control program","volume":"12","author":"Nowak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.7748\/ns2013.01.27.22.48.e6279","article-title":"Assessment and treatment of patients with acute unstable bradycardia","volume":"27","author":"Swift","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nurs Stand"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.46.1.5","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of the sick sinus syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Rubenstein","year":"1972","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JCN.0000305076.28528.db","article-title":"Electrocardiographic evaluation of cardiovascular status","volume":"23","author":"Wung","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib34","first-page":"691","article-title":"Sick sinus syndrome: a review","volume":"87","author":"Semelka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(95)80037-H","volume":"26","author":"Zipes","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.940577","article-title":"Chronotropic incompetence: causes, consequences, and management","volume":"123","author":"Brubaker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(96)00236-7","article-title":"Tilt table testing for assessing syncope. American College of Cardiology","volume":"28","author":"Benditt","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2008.08.002","article-title":"Cardiac arrest from acquired long QT syndrome: a case report","volume":"38","author":"Kozik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.07.016","article-title":"European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: section 3. Adult advanced life support","volume":"95","author":"Soar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"18\u00a0Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib40","first-page":"S729","article-title":"Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life\u00a0support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care","volume":"122","author":"Neumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1971122part1274","article-title":"Effects of atropine on the electrocardiogram in different age groups","volume":"12","author":"Dauchot","year":"1971","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-207596","article-title":"Atropine sulfate for treatment of bradycardia in a patient with morbid obesity: what may happen when you least expect it","volume":"2015","author":"Carron","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000122416.70287.D9","article-title":"Atropine often results in complete atrioventricular block or sinus arrest after cardiac transplantation: an unpredictable and dose-independent phenomenon","volume":"77","author":"Bernheim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib44","first-page":"1838","article-title":"Atrioventricular block after administration of atropine in patients following cardiac transplantation","volume":"63","author":"Brunner-La Rocca","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/1089253215584923","article-title":"Insertion and management of temporary pacemakers","volume":"20","author":"Sullivan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CHI.0000046867.56865.EB","article-title":"Reversibility of cardiac abnormalities in adolescents with anorexia nervosa after weight recovery","volume":"42","author":"Mont","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899588516300296?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899588516300296?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T11:27:59Z","timestamp":1760268479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0899588516300296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0899588516300296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-5885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-5885","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bradyarrhythmias","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cnc.2016.04.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}