{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:04:21Z","timestamp":1784937861204,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T20:45:14Z","timestamp":1782161114000},"page":"335-357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Infection Prevention and Control in the Intensive Care Unit"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Maimuna","family":"Jatta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"McDaniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen M.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00016-10","article-title":"Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance","volume":"74","author":"Davies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib2","first-page":"135","article-title":"Penicillin\u2019s discovery and antibiotic resistance: lessons for the future?","volume":"90","author":"Lobanovska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E408","DOI":"10.1001\/amajethics.2024.408","article-title":"A Brief History of Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"26","year":"2024","journal-title":"AMA Journal of Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.), 2019. doi:10.15620\/cdc:82532.","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:82532"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.06.010","article-title":"The influence of physical environment on health care\u2013associated infections: a literature review","volume":"52","author":"Nadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"10369","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02459-X","article-title":"Innovation for infection prevention and control\u2014revisiting Pasteur\u2019s vision","volume":"400","author":"Birgand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib8","unstructured":"CDC, HAI and antimicrobial use prevalence surveys, Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), 2024, 3. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthcare-associated-infections\/php\/haic-eip\/antibiotic-use.html (Accessed 23 September 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2510875","article-title":"Recent advances in investigation, prevention, and management of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs): resistant multidrug strain colonization and its risk factors in an intensive care unit of a university hospital","volume":"2019","author":"Zaha","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060680","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for multidrug-resistant organisms colonization in long-term care facilities around the world: a review","volume":"10","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Villodres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-023-00430-3","article-title":"Neighborhood socioeconomic status is associated with low diversity gut microbiomes and multi-drug resistant microorganism colonization","volume":"9","author":"Zuniga-Chaves","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1577108","article-title":"Harnessing the microbiome to improve clinical outcomes for cancer, transplant, and immunocompromised patients in the intensive care unit (ICU)","volume":"15","author":"Nieves","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.12.017","article-title":"Gut microbiome alpha diversity decreases in relation to body weight, antibiotic exposure, and infection with multidrug-resistant organisms","volume":"52","author":"Panzer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.12.019","article-title":"International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (Inicc) report of health care associated infections, data summary of 45 countries for 2015 to 2020, adult and pediatric units, device-associated module","volume":"52","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000032","article-title":"Healthcare-associated infections, medical devices and biofilms: risk, tolerance and control","volume":"64","author":"Percival","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib16","series-title":"Notes on nursing","author":"Nightingale","year":"1969"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/JHQ.0000000000000372","article-title":"Nurse engagement in antibiotic stewardship programs: a scoping review of the literature","volume":"45","author":"Thurman Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Healthc Qual"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004876","article-title":"Choosing wisely for critical care: the next five","volume":"49","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib19","first-page":"600","article-title":"Multidisciplinary approach to incorporate bedside nurses into antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention","volume":"45","author":"Ha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ697","article-title":"The critical role of the staff nurse in antimicrobial stewardship\u2014unrecognized, but already there","volume":"62","author":"Olans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13090896","article-title":"Preventing and controlling healthcare-associated infections: the first principle of every antimicrobial stewardship program in hospital settings","volume":"13","author":"Sartelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2018.03.028","article-title":"Integrating staff nurses in antibiotic stewardship: opportunities and barriers","volume":"46","author":"Monsees","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib23","series-title":"Core elements of hospital antibiotic stewardship programs","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.0525","article-title":"Challenging the \u201cculture of culturing\u201d: the case for less testing and more clinical assessment","volume":"176","author":"Wald","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006022","article-title":"Society of critical care medicine and the infectious diseases society of America guidelines for evaluating new fever in adult patients in the ICU","volume":"51","author":"O\u2019Grady","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.44495","article-title":"Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of urinary tract infections in pediatrics and adults: a WikiGuidelines group consensus statement","volume":"7","author":"Nelson","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib27","unstructured":"American Nursing Association, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nurses\u2019 role in hospital antibiotic stewardship practices (white paper). 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib28","series-title":"Blaser, Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s principles and practice of infectious diseases","author":"Bennett","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ciae403","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae403","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative infections","author":"Tamma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.esp-0001-2018","article-title":"Function and biogenesis of lipopolysaccharides","volume":"8","author":"Bertani","year":"2018","journal-title":"EcoSal Plus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1878688","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"12","author":"Cheung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.003","article-title":"WHO\u2019s essential medicines and AWaRe: recommendations on first- and second-choice antibiotics for empiric treatment of clinical infections","volume":"30","author":"Moja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib34","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Analysis and Presentation of Cumulative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Data (CLSI M39). 3rd ed. CLSI; 2022. Hindler JA, Simner PJ, chairholders. Published January 24, 2022."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib35","first-page":"681","article-title":"\/IDSA\/APIC practice recommendations. Strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections through hand hygiene and infection prevention programs","volume":"43","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-024-00297-3","article-title":"Multicomponent approaches to reduce multidrug-resistant organisms in critical care: determining the ideal strategy","volume":"14","author":"AlBahrani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib37","first-page":"547","article-title":"A data-driven framework for identifying intensive care unit admissions colonized with multidrug-resistant organisms","volume":"43","author":"\u00c7a\u011flayan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib38","first-page":"123","article-title":"Preventing multidrug-resistant bacterial transmission in the intensive care unit with a comprehensive approach: a policymaking manual","volume":"69","author":"Schinas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib39","first-page":"19","article-title":"Stopping hospital infections with environmental services: a cluster-randomized trial","volume":"43","author":"Ziegler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib40","series-title":"Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings","year":"2007"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1085","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America","volume":"66","author":"McDonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib42","first-page":"263","article-title":"Contact precautions: barriers and controversies","volume":"35","author":"Dhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib43","series-title":"WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care: first global patient safety challenge clean care is safer care","year":"2009"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib44","first-page":"643","article-title":"Human factors engineering for the design of infection prevention interventions","volume":"38","author":"Pennathur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4913","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S480829","article-title":"The prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant infections in respiratory intensive care unit, causative microorganisms and mortality","author":"Ulu\u00e7","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib46","first-page":"187","article-title":"Risk factors and algorithms for the empirical treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"43","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.01.015","article-title":"Meta-analysis of risk factors for infection by multi-drug-resistant organisms in intensive care unit patients","volume":"158","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-022-00734-3","article-title":"Quality improvement in neurocritical care: a review of the current landscape and best practices","volume":"24","author":"Karanjia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib49","first-page":"3717","article-title":"Clinical significance of MDRO screening and infection risk factor analysis in the ICU","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2013.04.004","article-title":"Interventional patient hygiene: discussion of the issues and a proposed model for implementation of the nursing care basics","volume":"29","author":"Vollman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enfcli.2022.05.003","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices of nurses regarding oral hygiene of dependent inpatients","volume":"33","author":"Andrade-Leite","year":"2023","journal-title":"Enferm Clin (Engl Ed)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/nhs.12659","article-title":"Factors contributing to clinical nurse compliance with infection prevention and control practices: a cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nurs Health Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.038","article-title":"Implementation of daily chlorhexidine bathing to reduce colonization by multidrug-resistant organisms in a critical care unit","volume":"45","author":"Musuuza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib54","series-title":"Nursing in critical care setting: an overview from basic to sensitive outcomes","first-page":"157","article-title":"Interventional patient hygiene model: new insights in critical care nursing, starting from the basics of care","author":"Bambi","year":"2018"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-024-07696-x","article-title":"Preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia non-pharmacologically","volume":"50","author":"Krone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/17571774241287467","article-title":"Healthcare-associated infections and nursing leadership: a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Cappelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.36401\/JQSH-23-30","article-title":"Quality indicators in adult critical care medicine","volume":"7","author":"Al-Dorzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob J Qual Saf Healthc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.12799\/rcphn.2023.00150","article-title":"Factors affecting the performance of infection control of multi-drug resistant organisms in intensive care unit nurses of general hospitals based on the theory of planned behavior: the mediating effect of intention","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res Community Public Health Nurs"}],"container-title":["Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899588526000298?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899588526000298?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T23:35:47Z","timestamp":1784936147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0899588526000298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0899588526000298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-5885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-5885","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Infection Prevention and Control in the Intensive Care Unit","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cnc.2026.04.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}