{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:46:00Z","timestamp":1790070360616,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nursing Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]],"date-time":"2019-03-27T14:32:19Z","timestamp":1553697139000},"page":"181-192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Lymphatic Filariasis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Gayle B.","family":"Lourens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise K.","family":"Ferrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib1","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib2","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib3","author":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib4","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib5","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib6","author":"World Health Organization"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1366","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001366","article-title":"The emerging story of disability associated with lymphatic filariasis: a critical review","volume":"5","author":"Zeldenryk","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib8","author":"The Carter Center"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.11.002","article-title":"Inter and intra-specific diversity of parasites that cause lymphatic filariasis","volume":"14","author":"McNulty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib10","article-title":"Barriers to the elimination of lymphatic filariasis","author":"Celone","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib11","first-page":"91","article-title":"Lymphoscintigraphic evidence of lymph vessel dilation in the limbs of children with Brugia malayi infection","volume":"40","author":"Shenoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Commun Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201100117X","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis in children: clinical features, infection burdens and prospects for elimination","volume":"138","author":"Shenoy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib13","series-title":"Lymphatic filariasis","first-page":"30","article-title":"Lymphatic system","author":"Goel","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-12-4395","article-title":"Peripheral CD4+ CD8+ T\u00a0cells are differentiated effector memory cells with antiviral functions","volume":"104","author":"Nascimbeni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01133.x","article-title":"Filariasis and lymphedema","volume":"31","author":"Pfarr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12081","article-title":"Immunology of lymphatic filariasis","volume":"26","author":"Babu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.5.2598-2604.2004","article-title":"Impairment of tetanus-specific cellular and humoral responses following tetanus vaccination in human lymphatic filariasis","volume":"75","author":"Nookal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib18","first-page":"669","article-title":"Transplacental transfer of filarial antigens from Wuchereria bancrofti-infected mothers to their offspring","volume":"137","author":"Bal","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005144","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005144","article-title":"Maternal filarial infection influences the development of regulatory T\u00a0cells in children from infancy to early childhood","volume":"10","author":"Madhusmita","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-017-0121-7","article-title":"Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the angiogenic and lymphangiogenic pathways are associated with lymphedema caused by Wuchereria bancrofti","volume":"11","author":"Debrah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Genomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw212","article-title":"Familial aggregation and heritability of Wuchereria bancrofti infection","volume":"214","author":"Chesnais","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0346-4","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of lymphatic filarial disease","volume":"24","author":"Babu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib23","author":"World Health Organization"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1086\/605574","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of infections due to blood and tissue parasites","volume":"49","author":"Rosenblatt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0202","article-title":"Rapid diagnostics for the endgame in lymphatic filariasis elimination","volume":"89","author":"Rebollo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1317-x","article-title":"Loss of sensitivity of immunochromatographic test (ICT) for lymphatic filariasis diagnosis in low prevalence settings: Consequence in the monitoring and evaluation procedures","volume":"15","author":"Gounoe-Kamkumo","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0089","article-title":"Laboratory and field evaluation of a new rapid test for detecting Wuchereria bancrofti antigen in human blood","volume":"89","author":"Weil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005703","article-title":"A\u00a0multi-center field study of two point of care tests for circulating Wuchereria bancrofti antigenemia in Africa","author":"Chesnais","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Neg Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib29","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of two tests for filarial antigenemia in areas in Sri Lanka and Indonesia with low-level persistence of lymphatic filariasis following mass drugs administration","volume":"369","author":"Yahathugoda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib30","first-page":"37","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of ELISA in detection of microfilariae","volume":"4","author":"Lashmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cont Med A Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib31","first-page":"191","article-title":"Duration of detection of anti-BMR1 IgG4 antibodies after mass-drug administration (MDA) in Sarawak, Malaysia","volume":"29","author":"Noordin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-011-2190-4","article-title":"Filarial dance- sonographic sign of filarial infection","volume":"42","author":"Shetty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"Supplement-1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.07.002","article-title":"The role of ultrasonography in the differentiation of the various types of filaricele due to bancroftian filariasis","volume":"120","author":"Mand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib34","article-title":"Giant elephantiasis and inguino-scrotal hernia","author":"Helder","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Neg Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13378","article-title":"New developments in chyluria after global programs to eliminate lymphatic filariasis","volume":"24","author":"Abeygunasekera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib36","first-page":"295","article-title":"Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia \u2013 A review","volume":"138","author":"Mullerpattan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2011.11.006","article-title":"Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia misdiagnosed as miliary tuberculosis: a case report and literature review","volume":"61","author":"Ray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib38","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib39","author":"Centers for Disease Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP2690","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539511434140","article-title":"Physical, psychological, and social aspects of quality of life in filarial lymphedema patients in Colombo, Sri Lanka","volume":"27","author":"Wijesinghe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006472","article-title":"Morbidity management and disability prevention for lymphatic filariasis in Sri Lanka: current status and future prospects","volume":"12","author":"Chandrasena","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib42","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.54.110807.090626","article-title":"Role of vector control in the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis","volume":"54","author":"Bockarie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0147-4","article-title":"The health and economic benefits of the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (2000-2014)","volume":"5","author":"Turner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib45","first-page":"441","article-title":"Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report, 2015","volume":"91","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.031047","article-title":"Understanding the community impact of lymphatic filariasis: a review of the sociocultural literature","volume":"85","author":"Wynd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2689-8","article-title":"The role of gender relations in uptake of mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis in Alor District, Indonesia","volume":"11","author":"Krentel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12643","article-title":"Situational analysis of lymphatic filariasis morbidity in Ahanta West District of Ghana","volume":"21","author":"Stanton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib49","first-page":"517","article-title":"Will mass drug administration eliminate lymphatic filariasis? Evidence from northern coastal Tanzania","volume":"45","author":"Parker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biosoc Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2881-x","article-title":"Assessing knowledge about lymphatic filariasis and the implementation of mass drug administration amongst drug deliverers in three districts\/cities of Indonesia","volume":"11","author":"Titaley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.09.007","article-title":"Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: empirical evidence and human adaption","volume":"86","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-013-0744-1","article-title":"Climate change and infectious diseases: can we meet the needs for better prediction?","volume":"118","author":"Rodo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1152-3","article-title":"Modeling strategies to break transmission of lymphatic filariasis - aggregation, adherence and vector competence greatly alter elimination","volume":"8","author":"Irvine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib54","first-page":"586","article-title":"Killing filarial nematode parasites; role of treatment options and host immune responses","author":"Kwartenga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007_bib55","article-title":"Mosquitoes and the lymphatic filarial parasites: research trends and budding roadmaps to future disease eradication","volume":"3","author":"Famakinde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Nursing Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0029646519300076?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0029646519300076?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T09:28:12Z","timestamp":1758446892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0029646519300076"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0029646519300076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-6465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-6465","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Lymphatic Filariasis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Nursing Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.02.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}