{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T00:20:03Z","timestamp":1792974003604,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U01NS126052-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01NS126052-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Electrochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T07:39:04Z","timestamp":1767425944000},"page":"101807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for characterizing neural electrodes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Cynthia C.","family":"Eluagu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard W.","family":"Biney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart F.","family":"Cogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3668-7767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark E.","family":"Orazem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(62)90069-9","article-title":"Impedance measurements in brain tissue of animals using microvolt signals","volume":"5","author":"Adey","year":"1962","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.14.11.1002","article-title":"Measurement of electrical impedance in the human brain: some preliminary observations","volume":"14","author":"Porter","year":"1964","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib3","first-page":"1118","article-title":"Electrical stimulation with Pt electrodes. viii. electrochemically safe charge injection limits with 0.2 ms pulses (neuronal application)","volume":"37","author":"Rose","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE (Inst Electr Electron Eng) Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02368010","article-title":"Comparison of neural damage induced by electrical stimulation with faradaic and capacitor electrodes","volume":"16","author":"McCreery","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib5","first-page":"424","article-title":"A model of safe levels for electrical stimulation","volume":"39","author":"Shannon","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE (Inst Electr Electron Eng) Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02368219","article-title":"Electrical properties of implant encapsulation tissue","volume":"22","author":"Grill","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3468","article-title":"Ultrasmall implantable composite microelectrodes with bioactive surfaces for chronic neural interfaces","volume":"11","author":"Kozai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2022.140514","article-title":"Ultramicro-sized sputtered iridium oxide electrodes in buffered saline: behavior, stability, and the effect of the perimeter to area ratio on their electrochemical properties","volume":"423","author":"Ghazavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electrochim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac20e5","article-title":"Impedance scaling for gold and platinum microelectrodes","volume":"18","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac18ad","article-title":"Neural stimulation and recording performance in human sensorimotor cortex over 1500 days","volume":"18","author":"Hughes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_sref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/add090","article-title":"Analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data for sputtered iridium oxide electrodes","volume":"22","author":"Lutz","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib12","series-title":"2021 43rd annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and amp biology society (EMBC)","first-page":"6647","article-title":"In vitro electrochemical properties of titanium nitride neural stimulating and recording electrodes as a function of film thickness and voltage biasing","author":"Abbott","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34906","article-title":"Charge injection characteristics of sputtered ruthenium oxide electrodes for neural stimulation and recording","volume":"110","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_sref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303401","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202303401","article-title":"Recording quality is systematically related to electrode impedance","volume":"13","author":"Lewis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Healthcare Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib15","series-title":"The 26th annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society, Vol. 4 of IEMBS-04","first-page":"4153","article-title":"Sputtered iridium oxide films (SIROFs) for low-impedance neural stimulation and recording electrodes","author":"Cogan","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160518","article-title":"Neural stimulation and recording electrodes","volume":"10","author":"Cogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib17","first-page":"333","article-title":"Voltage pulses change neural interface properties and improve unit recordings with chronically implanted microelectrodes","volume":"53","author":"Otto","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE (Inst Electr Electron Eng) Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_sref18","article-title":"Electrical rejuvenation of chronically implanted macroelectrodes in nonhuman primates","volume":"21","author":"O'Sullivan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2005.847373","article-title":"Repeated voltage biasing improves unit recordings by reducing resistive tissue impedances","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac63ea","article-title":"Wireless transmission of voltage transients from a chronically implanted neural stimulation device","volume":"19","author":"Frederick","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_sref21","series-title":"2024 46th annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society (EMBC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stability assessment of ultramicroelectrode arrays in neural stimulation: an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis","author":"Dong","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib22","first-page":"1612","article-title":"In vitro comparison of the charge-injection limits of activated iridium oxide (airof) and platinum-iridium microelectrodes","volume":"52","author":"Cogan","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE (Inst Electr Electron Eng) Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab52ab","article-title":"Electrochemical characteristics of ultramicro-dimensioned SIROF electrodes for neural stimulation and recording","volume":"17","author":"Ghazavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.1c00913","article-title":"Graphene microelectrodes for real-time impedance spectroscopy of neural cells","volume":"5","author":"Niaraki","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl Bio Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_sref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/data9060078","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of acute and chronic intracranial electrodes","volume":"9","author":"O'Sullivan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121372","article-title":"On the longevity of flexible neural interfaces: establishing biostability of polyimide-based intracortical implants","volume":"281","author":"Vomero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11765","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c02168","article-title":"Au hierarchical nanostructure-based surface modification of microelectrodes for improved neural signal recording","volume":"93","author":"Woo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_sref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122543","article-title":"Planar amorphous silicon carbide microelectrode arrays for chronic recording in rat motor cortex","volume":"308","author":"Abbott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2004.02.019","article-title":"Over-pulsing degrades activated iridium oxide films used for intracortical neural stimulation","volume":"137","author":"Cogan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00181.2018","article-title":"Chronic recording and electrochemical performance of Utah microelectrode arrays implanted in rat motor cortex","volume":"120","author":"Black","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1096097","article-title":"Layer-dependent stability of intracortical recordings and neuronal cell loss","volume":"17","author":"Urdaneta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.759711","article-title":"Explant analysis of utah electrode arrays implanted in human cortex for brain-computer-interfaces","volume":"9","author":"Woeppel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_sref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s44287-024-00126-6","article-title":"Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in vivo for neurotechnology and bioelectronics","volume":"2","author":"Hazelgrove","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Electr Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib34","article-title":"Kramers-Kronig transformation in relation to the interface regulating device","author":"Gabrielli","year":"1993","journal-title":"ASTM Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4159","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2048479","article-title":"Application of measurement models to impedance spectroscopy: iii . evaluation of consistency with the Kramers-Kronig relations","volume":"142","author":"Agarwal","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Electrochem Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11131","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00876","article-title":"Impedance analysis of electrochemical systems","volume":"122","author":"Vivier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4149","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2048478","article-title":"Measurement models for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy: 2. Determination of the stochastic contribution to the error structure","volume":"142","author":"Agarwal","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Electrochem Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ad3581","article-title":"Comparison of approaches for assessing linearity of impedance measurements","volume":"171","author":"Min Goh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Electrochem Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0389-2","article-title":"Tutorial: guidelines for standardized performance tests for electrodes intended for neural interfaces and bioelectronics","volume":"15","author":"Boehler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.10.010","article-title":"Guidelines to study and develop soft electrode systems for neural stimulation","volume":"108","author":"Schiavone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib41","series-title":"Eis: measurement model program","author":"Watson","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00039-w","article-title":"Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Methods Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-04840-5","article-title":"Electrical equivalent circuit for analyzing the effect of signal shape on power distribution in cochlear implant electrodes and surrounding tissue","volume":"15","author":"Sehlmeyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_sref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad2582","article-title":"Nonlinear effects at the electrode-tissue interface of deep brain stimulation electrodes","volume":"21","author":"Sridhar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_sref45","first-page":"794","article-title":"Parasitic capacitance in high-density neural electrode arrays: sources and evaluation methods","volume":"72","author":"Ghazavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE (Inst Electr Electron Eng) Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_sref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad9404","article-title":"Stability of sputtered iridium oxide neural microelectrodes under kilohertz frequency pulsed stimulation","volume":"21","author":"Maeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2478\/joeb-2021-0006","article-title":"Impedance-based real-time monitoring of neural stem cell differentiation","volume":"12","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Electr Bioimpedance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c08240","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of electrode surface changes in fast-scan cyclic voltammetry using fourier transform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2024.3480191","article-title":"Machine learning-assisted equivalent circuit characterization for electrical impedance spectroscopy measurements of bone fractures","volume":"73","author":"Hua","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300085","article-title":"Analysis of electrochemical impedance data: use of deep neural networks","volume":"5","author":"Doonyapisut","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Intell Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad593e","article-title":"Neurostimml: a machine learning model for predicting neurostimulation-induced tissue damage","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3390\/mi9110587","article-title":"Characterizing longitudinal changes in the impedance spectra of in-vivo peripheral nerve electrodes","volume":"9","author":"Straka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ace219","article-title":"Combining biophysical models and machine learning to optimize implant geometry and stimulation protocol for intraneural electrodes","volume":"20","author":"Romeni","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Electrochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2451910325001668?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2451910325001668?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T07:29:06Z","timestamp":1781767746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2451910325001668"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S2451910325001668"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807","relation":{},"ISSN":["2451-9103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2451-9103","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for characterizing neural electrodes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Opinion in Electrochemistry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coelec.2025.101807","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101807"}}