{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:18:55Z","timestamp":1790000335624,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["732\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["732\/24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:48:31Z","timestamp":1787964511000},"page":"106696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A sibling to all: Reversed neural pattern of social affiliation in extraordinary altruists"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"277","author":[{"given":"Moshe","family":"Roseman-Shalem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aryeh","family":"Dienstag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abed","family":"Khalaileh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahar","family":"Arzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.01.032","article-title":"Contributions of episodic retrieval and mentalizing to autobiographical thought: Evidence from functional neuroimaging, resting-state connectivity, and fMRI meta-analyses","volume":"91","author":"Andrews-Hanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0010","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transforming social perspectives with cognitive maps","volume":"00","author":"Arzy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.04.003","article-title":"Self-agency and self-ownership in cognitive mapping","volume":"23","author":"Arzy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/jorc.12267","article-title":"The non-directed living kidney donor: Why donate to strangers?","volume":"45","author":"Balliet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Renal Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266267110000179","article-title":"The naked emperor: Seeking a more plausible genetic basis for psychological altruism","volume":"26","author":"Batson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Economics and Philosophy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0030","series-title":"Altruism and humans","author":"Batson","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09961-w","article-title":"Forming attitudes via neural activity supporting affective episodic simulations","volume":"10","author":"Benoit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.33752","article-title":"A neural-level model of spatial memory and imagery","volume":"7","author":"Bicanski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858404270885","article-title":"The out-of-body experience: Disturbed self-processing at the temporo-parietal junction","volume":"11","author":"Blanke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797618779590","article-title":"Extraordinary altruists exhibit enhanced self\u2013other overlap in neural responses to distress","volume":"29","author":"Brethel-Haurwitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5747","article-title":"The evolutionary origin of human hyper-cooperation","volume":"5","author":"Burkart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/aru165","article-title":"Hamilton\u2019s rule predicts anticipated social support in humans","volume":"26","author":"Burton-Chellew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0065","first-page":"85","article-title":"A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy","volume":"10","author":"Davis","year":"1980","journal-title":"JSAS Cat. Sel. Doc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625","article-title":"Putting the altruism back into altruism: The evolution of empathy","volume":"59","author":"De Waal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00529.2019","article-title":"Parallel distributed networks dissociate episodic and social functions within the individual","volume":"123","author":"DiNicola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<178::AID-EVAN5>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"The social brain hypothesis","volume":"6","author":"Dunbar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.10.004","article-title":"The anatomy of friendship","volume":"22","author":"Dunbar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02734142","article-title":"Social networks, support cliques, and kinship","volume":"6","author":"Dunbar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Human Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.07.004","article-title":"Parahippocampal and retrosplenial contributions to human spatial navigation","volume":"12","author":"Epstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.11.004","article-title":"Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex","volume":"15","author":"Etkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.10.043","article-title":"Empathic concern drives costly altruism","volume":"105","author":"FeldmanHall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81305","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00201","article-title":"Social reward questionnaire (SRQ): Development and validation","volume":"5","author":"Foulkes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460020402","article-title":"Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach","volume":"2","author":"Friston","year":"1994","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.08.041","article-title":"Theory of mind","volume":"15","author":"Frith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.11.1803","article-title":"Two takes on the social brain: A comparison of theory of mind tasks","volume":"19","author":"Gobbini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht042","article-title":"Imagine all the people: How the brain creates and uses personality models to predict behavior","volume":"24","author":"Hassabis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00695.2020","article-title":"Mental travel in the person domain","volume":"20","author":"Hayman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0140","series-title":"Talks to teachers on psychology--and to students on some of life\u2019s ideals","first-page":"265","article-title":"What makes a life significant?","author":"James","year":"1899"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000189","article-title":"What predicts who we approach for social support? Tests of the attachment figure and strong ties hypotheses","volume":"118","author":"Kammrath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13906","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2180-10.2010","article-title":"Clan mentality: Evidence that the medial prefrontal cortex responds to close others","volume":"30","author":"Krienen","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.14034","article-title":"Exploring the motives of Israeli Jews who were living kidney donors to strangers","volume":"34","author":"Kurleto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsx040","article-title":"Dissociable patterns of brain activity for mentalizing about known others: A role for attachment","volume":"12","author":"Laurita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.50","article-title":"Psychological essentialism and the differential attribution of uniquely human emotions to ingroups and outgroups","volume":"31","author":"Leyens","year":"2001","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12574","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1608282113","article-title":"Situating the default-mode network along a principal gradient of macroscale cortical organization","volume":"113","author":"Margulies","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0175","first-page":"59","article-title":"Neural, cognitive, and evolutionary foundations of human altruism","volume":"7","author":"Marsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15036","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1408440111","article-title":"Neural and cognitive characteristics of extraordinary altruists","volume":"111","author":"Marsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0185","series-title":"The heart of altruism: Perceptions of a common humanity","author":"Monroe","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01615","article-title":"Processing of different temporal scales in the human brain","volume":"32","author":"Monsa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.05.021","article-title":"Linking brain structure and activation in temporoparietal junction to explain the neurobiology of human altruism","volume":"75","author":"Morishima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00916-3","article-title":"Inferences on a multidimensional social hierarchy use a grid-like code","volume":"24","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0072","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0072","article-title":"Spontaneous neural encoding of social network position","volume":"1","author":"Parkinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2641-20.2021","article-title":"Brain coding of social network structure","author":"Peer","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.47492","article-title":"Processing of different spatial scales in the human brain","volume":"8","author":"Peer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11072","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504242112","article-title":"Brain system for mental orientation in space, time, and person","volume":"112","author":"Peer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26623","article-title":"Lost in space(s): Multimodal neuroimaging of disorientation along the Alzheimer\u2019s disease continuum","volume":"45","author":"Peters-Founshtein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(81)90084-2","article-title":"The altruistic personality and the self-report altruism scale","volume":"2","author":"Philippe Rushton","year":"1981","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0235","series-title":"Handb. Evol. Psychol.","first-page":"1","article-title":"The false allure of group selection","author":"Pinker","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgad199","article-title":"Neural responses underlying extraordinary altruists\u2019 generosity for socially distant others","volume":"2","author":"Rhoads","year":"2023","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37283-5","article-title":"Unselfish traits and social decision-making patterns characterize six populations of real-world extraordinary altruists","volume":"14","author":"Rhoads","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad486","article-title":"A neural circuit for spatial orientation derived from brain lesions","volume":"34","author":"Roseman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0255","first-page":"1","article-title":"Processing of social closeness in the human brain","volume":"71","author":"Roseman-Shalem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00230-1","article-title":"People thinking about thinking people: The role of the temporo-parietal junction in \u201ctheory of mind\u201d","volume":"19","author":"Saxe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01768.x","article-title":"It\u2019s the thought that counts: Specific brain regions for one component of theory of mind","volume":"17","author":"Saxe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000303","article-title":"Toward a hierarchical model of social cognition: A neuroimaging meta-analysis and integrative review of empathy and theory of mind","volume":"147","author":"Schurz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00474-4","article-title":"The default mode network in cognition: A topographical perspective","volume":"22","author":"Smallwood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414715112","article-title":"Social discounting involves modulation of neural value signals by temporoparietal junction","volume":"112","author":"Strombach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.05.057","article-title":"Non-reciprocal altruism may be attributable to hyperbolicity in social discounting function","volume":"68","author":"Takahashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10083-6","article-title":"People represent their own mental states more distinctly than those of others","volume":"10","author":"Thornton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.43.2.281","article-title":"More evidence that empathy is a source of altruistic motivation","volume":"43","author":"Toi","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2733","article-title":"What does the retrosplenial cortex do?","volume":"10","author":"Vann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0100","article-title":"Social discounting and distance perceptions in costly altruism","volume":"1","author":"Vekaria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.12659\/AOT.913827","article-title":"Living anonymous renal donors do not regret: Intermediate and long-term follow-up with a focus on motives and psychosocial outcomes","volume":"24","author":"Wadstr\u00f6m","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annals of Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.2970","article-title":"Discrete hierarchical organization of social group sizes","volume":"272","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"}],"container-title":["Cognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010027726002659?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010027726002659?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:46:01Z","timestamp":1789998361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0010027726002659"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["S0010027726002659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-0277"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-0277","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A sibling to all: Reversed neural pattern of social affiliation in extraordinary altruists","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cognition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2026.106696","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106696"}}