{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T03:03:10Z","timestamp":1787886190512,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726790400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":355,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01 AI35296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 AI35296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37 AI39560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37 AI39560"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmn.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T12:55:02Z","timestamp":1695214502000},"page":"102389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The role of interferon in the thymus"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Ryan J","family":"Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin A","family":"Hogquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1707","article-title":"Central tolerance: learning self-control in the thymus","volume":"5","author":"Hogquist","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_sbref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804277","article-title":"Novel reporter mouse reveals constitutive and inflammatory expression of IFN-\u03b2 in vivo","volume":"183","author":"Lienenklaus","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_sbref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000225","article-title":"IFN-\u03bb enhances constitutive expression of MHC Class I molecules on thymic epithelial cells","volume":"205","author":"Benhammadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2019.101303","article-title":"Type III IFNs: beyond antiviral protection","volume":"43","author":"Kotenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.07.007","article-title":"Differential activation of the transcription factor IRF1 underlies the distinct immune responses elicited by Type I and Type III interferons","volume":"51","author":"Forero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1075958","article-title":"Projection of an immunological self shadow within the thymus by the Aire protein","volume":"298","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.009","article-title":"Aire enforces immune tolerance by directing autoreactive T cells into the regulatory T cell lineage","volume":"44","author":"Malchow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/ni906","article-title":"Aire regulates negative selection of organ-specific T cells","volume":"4","author":"Liston","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3247","article-title":"Aire controls gene expression in the thymic epithelium with ordered stochasticity","volume":"16","author":"Meredith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0345-2","article-title":"Thymic tuft cells promote an IL-4-enriched medulla and shape thymocyte development","volume":"559","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.12","article-title":"Generation of diversity in thymic epithelial cells","volume":"17","author":"Takahama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.635569","article-title":"Post-aire medullary thymic epithelial cells and Hassall\u2019s corpuscles as inducers of tonic pro-inflammatory microenvironment","volume":"12","author":"Laan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_sbref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.05.018","article-title":"Thymic epithelial cells co-opt lineage-defining transcription factors to eliminate autoreactive T cells","volume":"185","author":"Michelson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3419","article-title":"Late stages of T cell maturation in the thymus involve NF-\u03baB and tonic type I interferon signaling","volume":"17","author":"Xing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_sbref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2220120120","article-title":"Type III interferon drives thymic B cell activation and regulatory T cell generation","volume":"120","author":"Martinez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.07.019","article-title":"Broad and largely concordant molecular changes characterize tolerogenic and immunogenic dendritic cell maturation in thymus and periphery","volume":"45","author":"Ardouin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4585","article-title":"Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19","volume":"370","author":"Bastard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_sbref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abl4340","article-title":"Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs are present in \u223c4% of uninfected individuals over 70 years old and account for \u223c20% of COVID-19 deaths","volume":"6","author":"Bastard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_sbref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI166283","article-title":"Unlocking life-threatening COVID-19 through two types of inborn errors of type I IFNs","volume":"133","author":"Casanova","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.04.021","article-title":"Dominant mutations in the autoimmune regulator AIRE are associated with common organ-specific autoimmune diseases","volume":"42","author":"Oftedal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199006283222601","article-title":"Clinical variation of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) in a series of 68 patients","volume":"322","author":"Ahonen","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00976","article-title":"Autoantibody repertoire in APECED patients targets two distinct subgroups of proteins","volume":"8","author":"Fishman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-03-144634","article-title":"Interferon autoantibodies associated with AIRE deficiency decrease the expression of IFN-stimulated genes","volume":"112","author":"Kisand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.06.024","article-title":"AIRE-deficient patients harbor unique high-affinity disease-ameliorating autoantibodies","volume":"166","author":"Meyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.11.014","article-title":"Anticytokine autoantibodies in a patient with a heterozygous NFKB2 mutation","volume":"141","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_othref0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voyer TL, Gervais A, Rosain J, Parent A, Cederholm A, Rinchai D, Bizien L, Hancioglu G, Philippot Q, Gueye MS, et al.: Impaired thymic AIRE expression underlies autoantibodies against type I IFNs in humans with inborn errors of the alternative NF-kB pathway. Preprints; 2023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2023.109369"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00544","article-title":"Neutralizing anti-cytokine autoantibodies against interferon-\u03b1 in immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked","volume":"9","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI80477","article-title":"Broad-spectrum antibodies against self-antigens and cytokines in RAG deficiency","volume":"125","author":"Walter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/373531a0","article-title":"Expression of relB is required for the development of thymic medulla and dendritic cells","volume":"373","author":"Burkly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.09.001","article-title":"The effects of RelB deficiency on lymphocyte development and function","volume":"65","author":"Sharfe","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.03.007","article-title":"Central immune tolerance depends on crosstalk between the classical and alternative NF-\u03baB pathways in medullary thymic epithelial cells","volume":"81","author":"Riemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01860","article-title":"Transcriptome sequencing of neonatal thymic epithelial cells","volume":"3","author":"St-Pierre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20161596","article-title":"Type I interferon\u2013mediated monogenic autoinflammation: the type I interferonopathies, a conceptual overview","volume":"213","author":"Rodero","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_sbref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11071218","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: an acquired interferonopathy?","volume":"11","author":"Payet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.12.016","article-title":"Central role of interferon-beta in thymic events leading to myasthenia gravis","volume":"52","author":"Cufi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23791","article-title":"Implication of double-stranded RNA signaling in the etiology of autoimmune myasthenia gravis: dsRNA Signaling in MG","volume":"73","author":"Cufi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.12.018","article-title":"Thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis: on the search for a pathogen signature","volume":"52","author":"Cufi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2003.02113.x","article-title":"Anti-cytokine autoantibodies in autoimmunity: preponderance of neutralizing autoantibodies against interferon-alpha, interferon-omega and interleukin-12 in patients with thymoma and\/or myasthenia gravis","volume":"132","author":"Meager","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102337","article-title":"Risk factors associated with myasthenia gravis in thymoma patients: the potential role of thymic germinal centers","volume":"106","author":"Lefeuvre","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1009198","article-title":"Self-reactivity of CD8 T-cell clones determines their differentiation status rather than their responsiveness in infections","volume":"13","author":"Paprckova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_sbref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26351-3","article-title":"Self-reactivity controls functional diversity of naive CD8+ T cells by co-opting tonic type I interferon","volume":"12","author":"Ju","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay0524","article-title":"VISTA is a checkpoint regulator for na\u00efve T cell quiescence and peripheral tolerance","volume":"367","author":"ElTanbouly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190993","article-title":"IL-2 production by self-reactive CD4 thymocytes scales regulatory T cell generation in the thymus","volume":"216","author":"Hemmers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25645-w","article-title":"Infection-induced type I interferons critically modulate the homeostasis and function of CD8+ na\u00efve T cells","volume":"12","author":"Jergovi\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.04.011","article-title":"Commensal bacteria calibrate the activation threshold of innate antiviral immunity","volume":"37","author":"Abt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006985","article-title":"Type I interferon signaling attenuates regulatory T cell function in viral infection and in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Gangaplara","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4265","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500036","article-title":"IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2 receptor signaling promotes regulatory T cell development and function under stress conditions","volume":"194","author":"Metidji","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.652538","article-title":"Infection-associated thymic atrophy","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5420","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1913776117","article-title":"Chronic virus infection drives CD8 T cell-mediated thymic destruction and impaired negative selection","volume":"117","author":"Elsaesser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020062","article-title":"The thymus is a common target organ in infectious diseases","volume":"2","author":"Savino","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_sbref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2021.12.007","article-title":"Induction of thymic atrophy and loss of thymic output by type-I interferons during chronic viral infection","volume":"567","author":"D\u00e9moulins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203086","article-title":"IRF7-dependent IFN-\u03b2 production in response to RANKL promotes medullary thymic epithelial cell development","volume":"190","author":"Otero","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952791523001085?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952791523001085?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T08:50:58Z","timestamp":1760604658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0952791523001085"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0952791523001085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-7915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-7915","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The role of interferon in the thymus","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Opinion in Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102389","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102389"}}