{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:04:11Z","timestamp":1789131851478,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006955","name":"National Institutes of Health Office of Extramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R21AI172140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21AI172140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01AI154773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AI154773"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01AI136475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AI136475"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"US Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HT94252310626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HT94252310626"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT-189977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-189977"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012285","name":"BC Children's Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012285","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022514","name":"Canadian Society of Transplantation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022514","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]],"date-time":"2025-04-06T06:20:41Z","timestamp":1743920441000},"page":"102554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Pharmacotherapeutic strategies to promote regulatory T cell function in autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Robert C","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0305-5790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan K","family":"Levings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg2992","article-title":"Common genetic factors among autoimmune diseases","volume":"380","author":"Harroud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01086-9","article-title":"Genetically transitional disease: conceptual understanding and applicability to rheumatic disease","volume":"20","author":"Niewold","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheuma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib3","article-title":"Polygenic autoimmune disease risk alleles impacting B cell tolerance act in concert across shared molecular networks in mouse and in humans","volume":"13","author":"Harley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adm8859","article-title":"Harnessing regulatory T cells to establish immune tolerance","volume":"16","author":"Ho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_sbref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-024-01089-x","article-title":"Harnessing the biology of regulatory T cells to treat disease","volume":"24","author":"Wardell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib6","article-title":"Tipping the balance in autoimmunity: are regulatory T cells the cause, the cure, or both?","volume":"11","author":"Hardtke-Wolenski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cell Pedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.007","article-title":"Challenges, progress, and prospects of developing therapies to treat autoimmune diseases","volume":"181","author":"Fugger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2022.22.e9","article-title":"Targeted immunotherapy for autoimmune disease","volume":"22","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immune Netw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key352","article-title":"Abatacept initiation in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of cancer: a population-based comparative cohort study","volume":"58","author":"Montastruc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheuma Oxf Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10951-6","article-title":"Determinants of COVID-19-related lethality in multiple sclerosis: a meta-regression of observational studies","volume":"269","author":"Prosperini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.168663","article-title":"Diminished responses to mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis on immune-modifying therapies","volume":"8","author":"Klebanoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.02.001","article-title":"Interleukin-2 signaling in the regulation of T cell biology in autoimmunity and cancer","volume":"57","author":"Shouse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00693-5","article-title":"The link between circulating follicular helper T cells and autoimmunity","volume":"22","author":"Walker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.874769","article-title":"The NOD mouse beyond autoimmune diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Aubin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05200-w","article-title":"Low-dose IL-2 in children with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes: a phase I\/II randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding study","volume":"63","author":"Rosenzwajg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_sbref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.07.016","article-title":"Interleukin-2 immunotherapy reveals human regulatory T cell subsets with distinct functional and tissue-homing characteristics","volume":"57","author":"Raeber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_sbref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-023-00221-y","article-title":"IL-2 immunotherapy for targeting regulatory T cells in autoimmunity","volume":"24","author":"Lykhopiy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3120","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0214","article-title":"Limitations of IL-2 and rapamycin in immunotherapy of type 1 diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Baeyens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12297","article-title":"mTORC1 couples immune signals and metabolic programming to establish T(reg)-cell function","volume":"499","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00797-8","article-title":"Site-specific PEGylation of interleukin-2 enhances immunosuppression via the sustained activation of regulatory T cells","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.182064","article-title":"The IL-2 SYNTHORIN molecule promotes functionally adapted Tregs in a preclinical model of type 1 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Alvarez","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abb9283","article-title":"Receptor-gated IL-2 delivery by an anti-human IL-2 antibody activates regulatory T cells in three different species","volume":"12","author":"Karakus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0070-2","article-title":"A human anti-IL-2 antibody that potentiates regulatory T cells by a structure-based mechanism","volume":"24","author":"Trotta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.2337\/db20-0186","article-title":"Persistent IL-2 receptor signaling by IL-2\/CD25 fusion protein controls diabetes in NOD mice by multiple mechanisms","volume":"69","author":"Ward","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aba5264","article-title":"An IL-2 mutein engineered to promote expansion of regulatory T cells arrests ongoing autoimmunity in mice","volume":"5","author":"Khoryati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01179-1","article-title":"Dynamic transcriptional activity and chromatin remodeling of regulatory T cells after varied duration of interleukin-2 receptor signaling","volume":"23","author":"Moro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_sbref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114938","article-title":"An IL-2 mutein increases regulatory T cell suppression of dendritic cells via IL-10 and CTLA-4 to promote T cell anergy","volume":"43","author":"Jamison","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.201900520","article-title":"Dynamic changes in the regulatory T-cell heterogeneity and function by murine IL-2 mutein","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci Alliance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_sbref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1257652","article-title":"Attenuated IL-2 muteins leverage the TCR signal to enhance regulatory T cell homeostasis and response in vivo","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104539","article-title":"A systematic review of interleukin-2-based immunotherapies in clinical trials for cancer and autoimmune diseases","volume":"90","author":"Raeber","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib31","first-page":"227","article-title":"Molecular engineering of interleukin-2 for enhanced therapeutic activity in autoimmune diseases","volume":"38","author":"Tomasovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioDrugs Clin Immunother Biopharm Gene Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-013-0080-9","article-title":"Abatacept: a review of its use in the management of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"73","author":"Keating","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib33","first-page":"413","article-title":"Belatacept: in adult kidney transplant recipients","volume":"26","author":"Garnock-Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioDrugs Clin Immunother Biopharm Gene Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0744-z","article-title":"Follicular helper T cell profiles predict response to costimulation blockade in type 1 diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Edner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801425","article-title":"Abatacept targets T follicular helper and regulatory T cells, disrupting molecular pathways that regulate their proliferation and maintenance","volume":"202","author":"Glatigny","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38260","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of abatacept in lupus nephritis: a twelve-month, randomized, double-blind study","volume":"66","author":"Furie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheuma Hoboken NJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(19)30160-2","article-title":"Abatacept treatment for patients with early active primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial (ASAP-III study)","volume":"2","author":"van Nimwegen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheuma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516662727","article-title":"ACCLAIM: a randomized trial of abatacept (CTLA4-Ig) for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Khoury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler Houndmills Basingstoke Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02649-1","article-title":"Abatacept in individuals at high risk of rheumatoid arthritis (APIPPRA): a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, parallel, placebo-controlled, phase 2b clinical trial","volume":"403","author":"Cope","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_sbref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-2200","article-title":"Abatacept for delay of type 1 diabetes progression in stage 1 relatives at risk: a randomized, double-masked, controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Russell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15688","article-title":"Belatacept-based immunosuppression with simultaneous calcineurin inhibitor avoidance and early corticosteroid withdrawal: a prospective, randomized multicenter trial","volume":"20","author":"Woodle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_sbref42","article-title":"Costimulation blockade in combination with IL-2 permits regulatory T cell sparing immunomodulation that inhibits autoimmunity","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3765","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16724","article-title":"In vivo Treg expansion under costimulation blockade targets early rejection and improves long-term outcome","volume":"21","author":"Schwarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transpl J Am Soc Transpl Am Soc Transpl Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48574-w","article-title":"IL-6 inhibition prevents costimulation blockade-resistant allograft rejection in T cell-depleted recipients by promoting intragraft immune regulation in mice","volume":"15","author":"Muckenhuber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib45","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of TNFR2 agonists: a mechanistic perspective","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.585880","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor receptors: pleiotropic signaling complexes and their differential effects","volume":"11","author":"Gough","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib47","first-page":"1076","article-title":"TNFR2 is critical for the stabilization of the CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T. cell phenotype in the inflammatory environment","volume":"190","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol Balt Md 1950"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21666","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1909687116","article-title":"TNF receptor 2 signaling prevents DNA methylation at the Foxp3 promoter and prevents pathogenic conversion of regulatory T cells","volume":"116","author":"Tseng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib49","article-title":"Association of TNFRSF1B promoter polymorphisms with human disease: further studies examining T-regulatory cells are required","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13051","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1807499115","article-title":"Intrinsic TNFR2 signaling in T regulatory cells provides protection in CNS autoimmunity","volume":"115","author":"Atretkhany","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_sbref51","article-title":"Tregs from human blood differentiate into nonlymphoid tissue-resident effector cells upon TNFR2 costimulation","volume":"9","author":"Mensink","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_sbref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40925-9","article-title":"Bivalent structure of a TNFR2-selective and agonistic TNF-\u03b1 mutein Fc-fusion protein enhances the expansion activity of regulatory T cells","volume":"13","author":"Inoue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.149498","article-title":"An immunocytokine consisting of a TNFR2 agonist and TNFR2 scFv enhances the expansion of regulatory T cells through TNFR2 clustering","volume":"697","author":"Inoue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.150909","article-title":"Ovalbumin-induced food allergy suppression via regulatory T cell expansion mediated by a TNFR2 agonist in mice","volume":"737","author":"Inoue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib55","series-title":"Scientific Abstracts [Internet]","first-page":"1132.1","article-title":"A novel therapeutically active anti-tnfr2 agonistic antibody promotes Treg proliferation and induction of Treg functional markers","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1217147","article-title":"Janus kinase inhibitors in systemic lupus erythematosus: implications for tyrosine kinase 2 inhibition","volume":"10","author":"Nikolopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01153-1","article-title":"JAK inhibitor selectivity: new opportunities, better drugs?","volume":"20","author":"Virtanen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheuma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01093-w","article-title":"TYK2: an emerging therapeutic target in rheumatic disease","volume":"20","author":"Morand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheuma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104488","article-title":"Mendelian randomization and clinical trial evidence supports TYK2 inhibition as a therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases","volume":"89","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_sbref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45573-9","article-title":"TYK2 signaling promotes the development of autoreactive CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and type 1 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Mine","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib61","article-title":"Pharmacological inhibition of tyrosine protein-kinase 2 reduces islet inflammation and delays type 1 diabetes onset in mice","author":"Syed","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioRxiv Prepr Serv Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib62","article-title":"TYK2 inhibition enhances Treg differentiation and function while preventing Th1 and Th17 differentiation","author":"Tuomela","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioRxiv Prepr Serv Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib63","first-page":"416","article-title":"Deucravacitinib: the first FDA-approved oral TYK2 inhibitor for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis","volume":"58","author":"Truong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42391","article-title":"Deucravacitinib, a tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitor, in systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"75","author":"Morand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheuma Hoboken NJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.02.001","article-title":"Counter-regulation of regulatory T cells by autoreactive CD8+ T cells in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"99","author":"Cammarata","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200969110-00007","article-title":"Rabbit antithymocyte globulin (thymoglobulin): a review of its use in the prevention and treatment of acute renal allograft rejection","volume":"69","author":"Deeks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006050422","article-title":"A novel mechanism of action for anti-thymocyte globulin: induction of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells","volume":"17","author":"Lopez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5003","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-04-214437","article-title":"ATG-induced expression of FOXP3 in human CD4+ T cells in vitro is associated with T-cell activation and not the induction of FOXP3+ T regulatory cells","volume":"114","author":"Broady","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0057","article-title":"Low-dose anti-thymocyte globulin preserves C-peptide, reduces HbA1c, and increases regulatory to conventional T-cell ratios in new-onset type 1 diabetes: two-year clinical trial data","volume":"68","author":"Haller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_sbref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.161812","article-title":"Responders to low-dose ATG induce CD4+ T cell exhaustion in type 1 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.2337\/db20-1103","article-title":"Low-dose ATG\/GCSF in established type 1 diabetes: a five-year follow-up report","volume":"70","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.17038","article-title":"T cell depletion increases humoral response by favoring T follicular helper cells expansion","volume":"22","author":"Gassen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Transpl J Am Soc Transpl Am Soc Transpl Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0675","article-title":"Teplizumab: a disease-modifying therapy for type 1 diabetes that preserves \u03b2-cell function","volume":"46","author":"Herold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1902226","article-title":"An anti-CD3 antibody, teplizumab, in relatives at risk for type 1 diabetes","volume":"381","author":"Herold","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100713","article-title":"Anti-CD3 therapy promotes tolerance by selectively depleting pathogenic cells while preserving regulatory T cells","volume":"187","author":"Penaranda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2017.07.007","article-title":"Remodeling T cell compartments during anti-CD3 immunotherapy of type 1 diabetes","volume":"319","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_sbref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI177492","article-title":"Teplizumab induces persistent changes in the antigen-specific repertoire in individuals at risk for type 1 diabetes","volume":"134","author":"Lled\u00f3-Delgado","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-06076-2","article-title":"Genetic engineering of regulatory T cells for treatment of autoimmune disorders including type 1 diabetes","volume":"67","author":"Tuomela","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.03.030","article-title":"Study design: human leukocyte antigen class I molecule A\u221702-chimeric antigen receptor regulatory T cells in renal transplantation","volume":"7","author":"Schreeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554_bib80","unstructured":"Quell Therapeutics: Safety and Clinical Activity of QEL-001 in A2-Mismatch Liver Transplant Patients (LIBERATE) [Internet]; 2024 Apr [cited 2024 Dec 29]. Available from: \u3008https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05234190#more-information\u3009."}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952791525000305?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952791525000305?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T04:29:53Z","timestamp":1777782593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0952791525000305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["S0952791525000305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-7915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-7915","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pharmacotherapeutic strategies to promote regulatory T cell function in autoimmunity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Opinion in Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102554","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102554"}}